From: Effectiveness of Medicare cost-sharing elimination for Cancer screening on utilization
 | Annual Mammogram (Women > = 40) (2007–2012) | Biennial Pap Smear (All women) (2007–2012) | Had Colonoscopy Within Past 5 Years (All men and women > = 50) (2007–2013) | Ever Had Colonoscopy or Sigmoidoscopy (All men and women > = 50) (2007–2013) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | |
Transition: 2011–2012 | 0.98 | 0.87–1.12 | 0.81 | 0.71 | 0.62–0.81 | < 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.81–1.02 | 0.11 | 1.02 | 0.90–1.16 | 0.76 |
Post-policy: 2013 | – | … | N/A | – | … | N/A | 0.76 | 0.62–0.93 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.72–1.13 | 0.37 |
Continuous year indicator | 0.95 | 0.92–0.98 | < 0.001 | 1.12 | 1.07–1.16 | < 0.001 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 0.15 | 1.08 | 1.04–1.13 | < 0.001 |
Having a private supplemental insurance | 1.95 | 1.72–2.22 | < 0.001 | 1.46 | 1.21–1.77 | < 0.001 | 1.85 | 1.66–2.05 | < 0.001 | 1.99 | 1.78–2.22 | < 0.001 |
Income level: Poor (Ref: High Income) | 0.69 | 0.58–0.83 | < 0.001 | 0.67 | 0.52–0.87 | < 0.001 | 0.58 | 0.49–0.69 | < 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.45–0.64 | < 0.001 |
Income level: Near poor | 0.79 | 0.70–0.89 | < 0.001 | 0.67 | 0.57–0.80 | < 0.001 | 0.69 | 0.62–0.77 | < 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.56–0.71 | < 0.001 |
Income level: Middle | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 | 0.16 | 0.84 | 0.73–0.97 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.75–0.88 | < 0.001 | 0.77 | 0.70–0.85 | < 0.001 |
Education level: Less than high school (Ref: College) | 0.71 | 0.59–0.86 | < 0.001 | 0.70 | 0.51–0.94 | 0.02 | 0.64 | 0.54–0.75 | < 0.001 | 0.51 | 0.43–0.61 | < 0.001 |
Education level: High school | 0.81 | 0.74–0.89 | < 0.001 | 0.82 | 0.72–0.94 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.77–0.90 | < 0.001 | 0.73 | 0.67–0.81 | < 0.001 |
Current smoker | 0.51 | 0.44–0.59 | < 0.001 | 0.72 | 0.58–0.91 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.65–0.84 | < 0.001 | 0.65 | 0.57–0.75 | < 0.001 |
Living in metro area | 1.17 | 1.07–1.28 | < 0.001 | 1.32 | 1.15–1.51 | < 0.001 | 1.17 | 1.07–1.27 | < 0.001 | 1.22 | 1.11–1.34 | < 0.001 |
Female | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.91 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.02 | 0.99 | 0.91–1.08 | 0.86 |
Being married | 1.36 | 1.24–1.49 | < 0.001 | 1.18 | 1.03–1.35 | 0.02 | 1.21 | 1.11–1.31 | < 0.001 | 1.27 | 1.16–1.39 | < 0.001 |
Age | 0.96 | 0.95–0.96 | < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.95–0.96 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98–0.99 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.17 |
Race/Ethnicity: Hispanic (Ref: Non-Hispanic White) | 1.05 | 0.83–1.34 | 0.68 | 1.19 | 0.81–1.74 | 0.38 | 0.92 | 0.74–1.14 | 0.43 | 0.84 | 0.67–1.05 | 0.12 |
Race/Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic Black | 1.36 | 1.16–1.61 | < 0.001 | 1.23 | 0.94–1.61 | 0.12 | 1.39 | 1.20–1.62 | < 0.001 | 1.20 | 1.02–1.41 | 0.03 |
Race/Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic other race | 1.02 | 0.82–1.28 | 0.85 | 1.14 | 0.83–1.57 | 0.43 | 0.82 | 0.67–1.01 | 0.06 | 0.75 | 0.60–0.95 | 0.01 |
Disabled | 0.69 | 0.55–0.85 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.38 | 0.98 | 0.67 | 0.56–0.80 | < 0.001 | 0.75 | 0.62–0.91 | < 0.001 |
Self-reported health: Very good | 1.10 | 0.99–1.23 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 0.77–1.02 | 0.08 | 1.17 | 1.06–1.29 | < 0.001 | 1.15 | 1.03–1.28 | 0.02 |
Self-reported health: Good | 1.04 | 0.93–1.17 | 0.48 | 0.88 | 0.75–1.02 | 0.09 | 1.19 | 1.08–1.32 | < 0.001 | 1.13 | 1.01–1.27 | 0.03 |
Self-reported health: Fair | 0.74 | 0.65–0.85 | < 0.001 | 0.78 | 0.64–0.94 | 0.01 | 1.31 | 1.16–1.48 | < 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.16–1.52 | 1.16 |
Self-reported health: Poor | 0.55 | 0.45–0.67 | < 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.58–0.99 | 0.04 | 1.50 | 1.26–1.78 | < 0.001 | 1.50 | 1.24–1.82 | < 0.001 |
Not proficient in English | 1.23 | 0.84–1.79 | 0.29 | 1.55 | 0.84–2.86 | 0.16 | 0.71 | 0.51–1.00 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.45–0.90 | 0.01 |
Distrust Doctor | 1.05 | 0.89–1.24 | 0.55 | 0.97 | 0.76–1.23 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 0.87–1.17 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 0.89–1.26 | 0.49 |
Bad Communication with Doctor | 1.00 | 0.90–1.11 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.78–1.04 | 0.15 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.17 | 0.23 | 0.99 | 0.89–1.10 | 0.90 |
MA plan penetration | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.61 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.01 |
Physician Number/100,000 population | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.59 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.69 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.17 |
N | 19,638 | 15,172 | 21,593 | 21,458 |