Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression analysis on BP on target and/or improved at endline (N = 226)a
BP on target or improved | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | OR | p-value | 95% CI | OR | p-value | 95% CI | |
Duration active in mHealth app (per month) | 1.03 | 0.610 | (0.92–1.15) | 1.02 | 0.724 | (0.90–1.16) | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 60 | 58.8 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Female | 88 | 71.0 | 1.71 | 0.057 | (0.98–2.97) | 2.77 | 0.009 | (1.30–5.93) |
Age at baseline | 1.03 | 0.013 | (1.01–1.05) | 1.04 | 0.017 | (1.01–1.07) | ||
BP classification at baseline | ||||||||
Stage 1 HT (BP 140–159/90–99) | 63 | 57.3 | 0.31 | 0.005 | (0.14–0.70) | 0.39 | 0.043 | (0.15–0.97) |
Stage 2 HT (BP ≥160/100) | 46 | 67.6 | 0.62 | 0.107 | (0.20–1.17) | 0.62 | 0.344 | (0.23–1.67) |
Stage 1 HT (BP 140–159/90–99) | 39 | 81.3 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Newly diagnosed | ||||||||
No | 125 | 66.8 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Yes | 23 | 59.0 | 0.71 | 0.348 | (0.35–1.45) | 0.88 | 0.810 | (0.32–2.45) |
On antihypertensive medication at baseline | ||||||||
No | 46 | 62.2 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Yes | 102 | 67.1 | 1.24 | 0.464 | (0.70–2.22) | 0.59 | 0.248 | (0.24–1.45) |
Entry into the pilot program | ||||||||
Via community screening | 42 | 63.6 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Via the pharmacy | 106 | 66.3 | 1.12 | 0.707 | (0.62–2.04) | 1.12 | 0.738 | (0.57–2.19) |
BMI at baseline | 1.01 | 0.689 | (0.96–1.06) | 0.99 | 0.717 | (0.94–1.04) | ||
Self-reported DM | ||||||||
No | 136 | 65.4 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Yes | 12 | 66.7 | 1.06 | 0.913 | (0.38–2.94) | 0.94 | 0.923 | (0.30–2.97) |
Smoking status at baseline | ||||||||
Not smoking | 128 | 64.6 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Quitted | 18 | 75.0 | 1.64 | 0.317 | (0.62–4.32) | 3.55 | 0.038 | (1.07–11.74) |
Smokes | 2 | 50.0 | 0.55 | 0.551 | (0.06–3.97) | 0.88 | 0.912 | (0.09–8.45) |
Any alcohol use at baseline | ||||||||
No | 124 | 67.0 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Yes | 24 | 58.5 | 0.69 | 0.302 | (0.35–1.39) | 0.68 | 0.405 | (0.28–1.67) |
Adherence to antihypertensive medication at endline | ||||||||
Low adherence | 69 | 58.5 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Moderate adherence | 39 | 70.9 | 1.73 | 0.118 | (0.87–3.44) | 1.57 | 0.259 | (0.72–3.44) |
High adherence | 40 | 75.5 | 2.19 | 0.035 | (1.06–4.51) | 2.27 | 0.049 | (1.00–5.15) |
Adherence to lifestyle advice at endline | ||||||||
No lifestyle advice given | 59 | 67.8 | 1.45 | 0.414 | (0.60–3.53) | 1.29 | 0.623 | (0.47–3.55) |
Low adherence | 16 | 59.3 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Moderate adherence | 58 | 63.7 | 1.21 | 0.673 | (0.50–2.90) | 0.82 | 0.699 | (0.29–2.28) |
High adherence | 15 | 71.4 | 1.72 | 0.384 | (0.51–5.82) | 1.26 | 0.738 | (0.33–4.86) |
Highest degree in school completed | ||||||||
No school at all | 12 | 60.0 | ref. | – | – | ref. | – | – |
Primary | 32 | 66.7 | 1.33 | 0.601 | (0.45–3.92) | 2.20 | 0.198 | (0.66–7.32) |
Secondary | 49 | 61.3 | 1.05 | 0.918 | (0.39–2.87) | 1.62 | 0.405 | (0.52–5.00) |
Tertiary | 55 | 70.5 | 1.59 | 0.369 | (0.58–4.41) | 3.66 | 0.037 | (1.08–12.40) |