Table 2 Difference-in-differences regressions for ED visits
Variables | Avoidable ED visits | ED charges | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Post | 0.00844*** (0.000890) | 0.00837*** (0.000889) | 322.1*** (10.17) | 316.7*** (9.999) |
Treatment | −0.00618*** (0.00196) | − 0.00699*** (0.00199) | −10.63 (17.65) | −5.899 (17.40) |
Post X treatment | 0.00673 (0.00465) | 0.00671 (0.00466) | 16.63 (39.78) | 56.39 (38.40) |
Age | −6.38e-05** (2.62e-05) | −7.75e-05*** (2.58e-05) | −12.76*** (0.378) | −13.07*** (0.379) |
Female | − 0.00627*** (0.000892) | − 0.00625*** (0.000903) | −21.70** (9.524) | −27.76*** (9.408) |
Urban | −0.000924 (0.000774) | 0.00255* (0.00147) | 246.8*** (8.714) | 98.32*** (20.29) |
Black | 0.0138*** (0.000809) | 0.0113*** (0.000818) | 107.8*** (9.902) | 39.95*** (9.582) |
Other race | 0.0163*** (0.00192) | 0.0147*** (0.00183) | 103.7*** (13.67) | 50.69*** (13.61) |
CHARLSON INDEX | −0.00210*** (0.000705) | − 0.00215*** (0.000708) | 102.5*** (7.442) | 91.49*** (7.341) |
Congestive Heart Failure | 0.0283*** (0.00175) | 0.0282*** (0.00175) | −50.31*** (17.13) | −20.03 (16.75) |
Cardiac Arrhythmias | 0.0120*** (0.00147) | 0.0118*** (0.00143) | 421.6*** (14.81) | 410.3*** (14.50) |
Valvular Disease | 0.00437*** (0.00156) | 0.00450*** (0.00155) | 97.62*** (19.80) | 78.02*** (19.34) |
Pulmonary Circulation Disorders | −0.00793*** (0.00235) | −0.00827*** (0.00236) | 338.5*** (36.36) | 331.8*** (35.92) |
Peripheral Vascular Disorders | −0.00373** (0.00173) | −0.00360** (0.00175) | −109.5*** (18.44) | −70.24*** (18.12) |
Hypertension, Uncomplicated | −0.00550*** (0.000833) | −0.00543*** (0.000854) | 81.86*** (9.713) | 67.28*** (9.541) |
Paralysis | −0.00320 (0.00252) | − 0.00349 (0.00253) | − 217.1*** (30.07) | −208.2*** (29.61) |
Other Neurological Disorders | −0.0118*** (0.00113) | −0.0118*** (0.00112) | 264.9*** (15.24) | 253.1*** (14.95) |
Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 0.0732*** (0.00128) | 0.0735*** (0.00129) | 117.0*** (12.97) | 127.7*** (12.75) |
Diabetes, Uncomplicated | 0.00198 (0.00128) | 0.00219* (0.00127) | −97.99*** (12.32) | −72.09*** (12.06) |
Diabetes, Complicated | 0.00225 (0.00177) | 0.00186 (0.00178) | 67.25*** (19.73) | 55.87*** (19.39) |
Hypothyroidism | −0.00399*** (0.00111) | − 0.00364*** (0.00111) | −14.52 (13.64) | 5.217 (13.41) |
Renal Failure | −0.00274 (0.00211) | − 0.00240 (0.00212) | −253.4*** (23.85) | −199.1*** (23.48) |
Liver Disease | −0.00112 (0.00198) | −0.000870 (0.00200) | −4.929 (25.74) | 52.61** (25.23) |
Peptic Ulcer Disease Excluding Bleeding | 3.80e-05 (0.00301) | 0.000122 (0.00301) | 679.1*** (62.99) | 683.4*** (62.44) |
AIDS/HIV | 0.00824 (0.00530) | 0.00789 (0.00534) | − 480.7*** (62.79) | − 461.0*** (61.70) |
Lymphoma | −0.0122*** (0.00349) | −0.0126*** (0.00352) | −189.0*** (54.04) | − 154.1*** (53.11) |
Metastatic Cancer | 0.00144 (0.00485) | 0.00159 (0.00489) | − 509.1*** (59.03) | − 436.3*** (58.17) |
Solid Tumor Without Metastasis | −0.00705*** (0.00211) | − 0.00725*** (0.00212) | − 241.3*** (23.76) | −232.8*** (23.46) |
Rheumatoid Arthritis/Collagen Vascular | −0.00850*** (0.00154) | −0.00859*** (0.00154) | 92.71*** (23.76) | 112.1*** (23.34) |
Coagulopathy | −0.00653*** (0.00209) | −0.00644*** (0.00207) | 122.6*** (32.15) | 113.1*** (31.68) |
Obesity | 0.0105*** (0.00127) | 0.0107*** (0.00127) | 107.9*** (15.47) | 110.5*** (15.17) |
Weight Loss | −0.00629*** (0.00149) | −0.00661*** (0.00150) | −63.30*** (20.03) | −59.96*** (19.78) |
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders | 0.00810*** (0.00127) | 0.00840*** (0.00127) | 562.3*** (14.28) | 549.7*** (14.06) |
Blood Loss Anemia | − 0.00294 (0.00354) | − 0.00289 (0.00354) | 13.07 (59.89) | 0.0154 (58.85) |
Deficiency Anemia | 0.00108 (0.00166) | 0.000522 (0.00166) | 171.1*** (25.74) | 181.0*** (25.37) |
Alcohol Abuse | −0.000863 (0.00238) | −0.00112 (0.00240) | 65.46** (28.96) | 56.10** (28.59) |
Drug Abuse | 0.0121*** (0.00285) | 0.0124*** (0.00285) | 1044*** (33.54) | 1064*** (33.19) |
Psychoses | −0.00443* (0.00229) | − 0.00456** (0.00229) | 232.5*** (19.44) | 223.4*** (19.29) |
Depression | −0.00645*** (0.00107) | −0.00605*** (0.00107) | 241.2*** (12.74) | 259.4*** (12.54) |
Hypertension, Complicated | −0.00166 (0.00166) | − 0.00220 (0.00166) | 8.475 (19.42) | −39.21** (19.36) |
Constant | 0.0119*** (0.00183) | 0.0125*** (0.00424) | 1897*** (20.67) | 1037*** (30.23) |
Observations | 447,867 | 447,851 | 447,867 | 447,851 |
R-squared | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.061 | 0.092 |