Costs incurred by outpatients at a university hospital in northwestern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Teni, Fitsum Sebsibe; Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku; Birru, Eshetie Melese; Belachew, Sewunet Admasu; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse; Tekleyes, Bethelhem Hailu; Yimer, Bilal Tessema

doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3628-2

BMC Health Services Research

Table 8 Quantile regression (median) of total cost incurred by socio-demographic factors

From: Costs incurred by outpatients at a university hospital in northwestern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Variable	Unadjusted coefficient	95% CI	Adjusted coefficient	95% CI
Sex^c
Female	−7.156	[−15.790, −2.050]^*	−2.961	[−9.460, 2.132]
Residence^d
Outside Gondar	20.935	[16.480, 27.023]^*	10.948	[6.896, 25.362]^*
Reason for visit^e
Follow up visit	5.969	[−0.412, 11.926]	4.456	[−3.313, 8.999]
Age(years)^f
30–39	3.916	[−1.957, 11.494]	6.327	[−4.358, 12.242]
40–49	9.412	[2.488, 19.437]^*	7.319	[−2.937, 18.748]
50–59	7.208	[−1.062, 18.262]	4.446	[−6.598 17.703]
60+	14.301	[6.103, 34.680]^*	15.852	[−1.362, 34.684]
Marital status^g
Unmarried	−3.970	[−9.600, 2.988]	10.250	[0.923, 20.903]^*
Divorced/separated	−8.154	[−14.596, − 1.281]	−6.367	[− 12.448 14.329]
Widow/er	− 12.214	[−24.808, 9.439]	−2.822	[− 12.767, 11.505]
Educational status^h
Able to read and write	−5.770	[− 13.779, 4.816]	− 6.641	[− 21.885, 11.028]
Primary school (Grades 1–8)	− 10.900	[− 20.019, − 6.340]^*	−7.930	[−15.613, 2.467]
Secondary school (Grades 9–10)	−10.165	[− 18.504, − 3.234]^*	−8.063	[− 15.390, 0.993]
University education	− 13.955	[− 27.328, − 3.363]^*	− 2.953	[− 20.775, 9.309]
Major occupationⁱ
Private company employee	8.579	[− 3.229, 55.444]	0.096	[− 20.537, 45.658]
Self-employed/ business person	−3.401	[−18.657, 7.019]	− 12.006	[− 30.692, 1.768]
Housewife	− 1.147	[− 15.782, 3.234]	−16.096	[− 32.824, −0.954]
Farmer	9.238	[− 3.533, 18.309]	−9.862	[− 31.740, 8.266]
Student	−9.230	[− 20.167, −0.698]^*	− 24.374	[−43.469, − 4.505]
Other ^a	−18.253	[− 29.113, − 5.950]^*	−17.159	[− 33.342, − 3.041]
Family size (number)	0.356	[− 0.556, 2.623]	0.033	[− 1.207, 1.399]
Number of working family members	3.936	[− 0.072, 9.983]	2.801	[− 0.912, 5.966]
Wealth index of family^j
Lower	8.720	[−3.045,16.050]	−2.475	[− 6.864, 5.230]
Middle	13.936	[7.131,17.868]^*	−6.163	[− 14.672, 7.732]
Higher	17.942	[12.424,24.872]^*	−1.585	[−16.565, 12.629]
Highest	19.196	[11.616,28.365]^*	−0.314	[−10.427, 11.621]
Payment^k
Free of fee	−19.201	[−22.750, − 13.416]^*	− 14.907	[−20.892, −7.799]^*
Other^b	−6.754	[− 13.321, − 6.517]^*	−11.181	[− 19.827, 14.231]

Reference: ^cMale, ^dGondar, ^enew, ^f18–29, ^gmarried, ^hunable to read and write, ⁱgovernment employee, ^jlowest, ^kpatient/family
^*P-value < 0.05 ^a Daily labourer, driver ^b Paid by employers, paid partly by employers

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