Table 2 Log-log specified multilevel regressions of deflated hospital expenditure (p-values in brackets)

Intercept (fixed structural costs)

9633.8 (0.000)

7834.7 (0.000)

9969.3 (0.000)

13,271.0 (0.000)

25,391.3 (0.000)

30,900.0 (0.000)

46,625.0 (0.000)

37,512.9 (0.000)

17,574.4 (0.000)

10,836.5 (0.000)

9387.4 (0.000)

92,843.1 (0.000)

15,636.9 (0.000)

9798.2 (0.000)

Masculinity index

0.57 (0.026)

0.58 (0.066)

0.53 (0.030)

0.56 (0.013)

0.61 (0.061)

0.56 (0.038)

0.52 (0.019)

0.63

(0.131)

0.63

(0.116)

0.61 (0.090)

0.77

(0.330)

0.26 (0.063)

0.54 (0.040)

0.56 (0.000)

Ageing index

0.95 (0.013)

0.95 (0.031)

0.96

(0.125)

0.92 (0.001)

0.94 (0.014)

0.94 (0.020)

0.97

(0.193)

0.93 (0.016)

0.91 (0.001)

0.94 (0.024)

0.99

(0.618)

0.93 (0.019)

0.96 (0.097)

0.96 (0.000)

Over-ageing index 2

1.81

(0.108)

2.11 (0.053)

1.67

(0.182)

2.41 (0.002)

0.81

(0.368)

1.15

(0.718)

0.91

(0.637)

1.24

(0.541)

2.26 (0.003)

2.37 (0.001)

1.65 (0.070)

2.20 (0.028)

1.93 (0.013)

1.96 (0.000)

Ln (morbidity)

0.04

(0.381)

0.02

(0.779)

0.01

(0.881)

0.12 (0.023)

0.07

(0.213)

0.07

(0.202)

0.07

(0.203)

0.13 (0.009)

0.22 (0.002)

0.11 (0.071)

−0.02

(0.783)

0.24 (0.046

0.10 (0.068)

0.07 (0.000)

Ln (outpatient case-day surgery)

0.05 (0.006)

0.06 (0.023)

0.01

(0.638)

−0.01

(0.563)

0.02

(0.251)

−0.01

(0.823)

− 0.01

(0.652)

0.01

(0.781)

− 0.03

(0.244)

0.00

(0.933)

0.02

(0.631)

0.01

(0.892)

−0.06 (0.033)

0.02 (0.018)

Ln (medical hospitalisations)

0.33 (0.000)

0.34 (0.000)

0.41 (0.000)

0.33 (0.000)

0.31 (0.000)

0.34 (0.000)

0.27 (0.000)

0.08

(0.260)

0.29 (0.000)

0.42 (0.000)

0.42 (0.000)

0.38 (0.000)

0.36 (0.000)

0.34 (0.000)

Ln (surgical hospitalisations)

0.46 (0.010)

0.42 (0.064)

0.35 (0.104)

0.25

(0.134)

0.19

(0.289)

0.14

(0.486)

0.15

(0.395)

0.77 (0.000)

0.62 (0.002)

0.47 (0.012)

0.37 (0.080)

0.30

(0.247)

0.50 (0.005)

0.30 (0.000)

Ln (surgical price of stay-complexity)

0.10

(0.553)

0.15

(0.487)

0.20

(0.339)

0.27 (0.095)

0.33 (0.067)

0.38 (0.061)

0.46 (0.008)

−0-07

(0.736)

− 0.16

(0.421)

−0.05

(0.805)

0.15

(0.468)

0.00

(0.988)

0.04

(0.836)

0.23 (0.000)

Ln (average length of stay - medical hospitalisations)

0.07 (0.448)

0.19 (0.088)

0.12

(0.327)

0.13

(0.179)

0.07

(0.495)

0.00

(0.970)

−0.07

(0.506)

−0.19 (0.093)

0.15

(0.200)

0.33 (0.002)

0.25 (0.025)

0.30 (0.014)

0.21 (0.015)

0.12 (0.001)

Ln (average length of stay - surgical hospitalisations)

0.29 (0.000)

0.21 (0.021)

0.23 (0.023)

0.23 (0.008)

0.31 (0.001)

0.29 (0.007)

0.21 (0.026)

0.51 (0.000)

0.34 (0.002)

0.17 (0.101)

0.13

(0.251)

−0.09

(0.571)

0.30 (0.003)

0.20 (0.000)

Tertiary

1.07 (0.001)

1.08 (0.003)

1.06 (0.039)

1.08 (0.000)

1.09 (0.000)

1.07 (0.005)

1.06 (0.023)

1.06 (0.031)

1.05 (0.049)

1.07 (0.006)

1.06 (0.015)

1.04

(0.284)

1.03

(0.200)

1.06 (0.000)

Medical staff/functioning beds

0.93

(0.541)

0.87

(0.236)

0.92

(0.498)

1.15

(0.118)

1.02

(0.852)

0.99

(0.878)

0.88

(0.186)

1.14

(0.166)

1.32 (0.009)

1.33 (0.002)

1.27 (0.032)

1.04

(0.786)

1.21 (0.040)

1.11 (0.000)

Nursing staff/functioning beds

1.19 (0.024)

1.39 (0.000)

1.38 (0.000)

1.12 (0.039)

1.21 (0.002)

1.22 (0.003)

1.30 (0.000)

1.18 (0.014)

1.21 (0.006)

1.08

(0.248)

1.05

(0.537)

1.25 (0.032)

1.12 (0.049)

1.14 (0.000)

Medical professionals in training/medical professionals

1.22 (0.014)

1.11

(0.341)

1.21 (0.094)

1.24 (0.000)

1.19 (0.084)

1.25 (0.059)

1.27 (0.046)

1.18

(0.202)

1.38 (0.007)

1.38 (0.003)

1.52 (0.000)

1.38 (0.018)

1.62 (0.000)

1.29 (0.000)

VPC (Regions)

Confidence interval 95%

0.40

(0.20 0.63)

0.28

(0.10 0.54)

0.18

(0.04 0.46)

0.48

(0.26 0.71)

0.26

(0.08 0.55)

0.33

(0.13 0.60)

0.45

(0.23 0.69)

0.28

(0.10 0.56)

0.48

(0.26 0.70)

0.53

(0.31 0.74)

0.51

(0.29 0.72)

0.41

(0.24 0.68)

0.35

(0.15 0.61)

0.42

(0.26 0.60)

Likelihood-ratio test of sigma(u) = 0

25.35 (0.000)

12.84 (0.000)

5.41 (0.000)

25.43 (0.000)

9.84 (0.001)

17.58 (0.000)

28.10 (0.000)

11.59 (0.000)

31.23 (0.000)

29.58 (0.000)

33.42 (0.000)

26.11 (0.000)

14.32 (0.000)

531.24 (0.000)

Pseudo-adjusted R²

0.980

0.977

0.978

0.977

0.978

0.972

0.968

0.968

0.964

0.964

0.962

0.943

0.976

0.965