Determinant | % (n) of the determinants | Rate of high OOPs in subgroups (%) | Crude OR [95% CI] | P-value | Pearson Chi2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wealth quintile | < 0.001*** | |||||
Poorest | 23.80 (67,911) | 18.10 | 1 | |||
Poorer | 19.50 (55,595) | 17.80 | 1.28 [0.76–2.17] | 0.356ns | ||
Middle | 18.70 (53,245) | 16.40 | 1.21 [0.65–2.28] | 0.546ns | ||
Wealthier | 17.60 (50,255) | 15.00 | 1.16 [0.58–2.32] | 0.666ns | ||
Wealthiest | 20.30 (57,793) | 32.60 | 3.12 [1.82–5.37] | < 0.001*** | ||
Highest education of household head | 0.776ns | |||||
None | 13.40 (38,038) | 13.90 | 1.06 [0.58–1.95] | 0.849ns | ||
Primary | 24.80 (70,631) | 23.20 | 0.91 [0.6–1.4] | 0.682ns | ||
Secondary | 57.30 (163,166) | 57.20 | 1 | |||
Tertiary | 4.50 (12,754) | 5.60 | 1.41 [0.71–2.83] | 0.326ns | ||
Owns a means of transportation | 0.882ns | |||||
No | 62.10 (176,942) | 62.60 | 1 | |||
Yes | 37.90 (107,878) | 37.40 | 0.97 [0.67–1.41] | 0.882ns | ||
Large household size (≥6) | 0.056ns | |||||
No | 63.10 (179,630) | 56.20 | 1 | |||
Yes | 36.90 (105,191) | 43.80 | 1.51 [0.99–2.31] | 0.057ns | ||
Province | < 0.001*** | |||||
Equateur | 14.40 (40,978) | 9.30 | 0.28 [0.14–0.56] | < 0.001*** | ||
Kasaï Occidental and Oriental | 56.30 (160,426) | 45.70 | 0.38 [0.18–0.8] | 0.011* | ||
Maniema /Orientale | 29.30 (83,416) | 45.00 | 1 | |||
Gender | 0.281ns | |||||
Female | 54.70 (153,660) | 56.70 | 1 | |||
Male | 45.30 (127,359) | 43.30 | 0.89 [0.72–1.1] | 0.281ns | ||
Head of household | 0.622ns | |||||
No | 87.30 (248,701) | 86.30 | 1 | |||
Yes | 12.70 (36,120) | 13.70 | 1.14 [0.67–1.93] | 0.622ns | ||
Under 5 years old | 0.016* | |||||
No | 64.30 (183,075) | 70.50 | 1 | |||
Yes | 35.70 (101,746) | 29.50 | 0.67 [0.49–0.93] | 0.016* | ||
50+ years old | 0.058ns | |||||
No | 84.70 (241,380) | 81.50 | 1 | |||
Yes | 15.30 (43,441) | 18.50 | 1.40 [0.99–1.99] | 0.058ns | ||
Number of days lost to illness | 0.023* | |||||
Zero | 28.50 (19,973) | 23.90 | 1 | |||
Less than a week | 27.10 (20,074) | 24.00 | 1.08 [0.61–1.91] | 0.785ns | ||
A week to less than a month | 38.00 (34,494) | 41.20 | 1.44 [0.95–2.16] | 0.084ns | ||
One month or above | 6.40 (9196) | 11.00 | 3.14 [1.46–6.76] | 0.004** | ||
Sector of health facility | 0.004** | |||||
Public sector | 61.90 (176,059) | 71.60 | 1 | |||
Private sector | 26.60 (75,737) | 23.80 | 0.69 [0.4–1.19] | 0.182ns | ||
Informal sector | 11.50 (32,843) | 4.70 | 0.26 [0.15–0.46] | < 0.001*** | ||
Total number of paid visits, mean (SE) | 1.18 (0.02) | 1.69 | 1.13 [0.96–1.33] | 0.131ns | 0.131ns | |
Share of OOP on drugs, mean (SE) | 0.82 (0.02) | 0.75 | 0.24 [0.08–0.67] | 0.007** | 0.002** | |
Health insurance status | 0.577ns | |||||
Uncovered | 98.97 (3251) | 98.90 | 1 | |||
Covered | 1.03 (34) | 1.10 | 0.80 [0.36–1.78] | 0.577ns | ||
HF has functional X-rays | 0.004** | |||||
No | 99.90 (284,563) | 99.90 | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.10 (257) | 0.10 | 1.85 [1.21–2.83] | 0.005** | ||
HF has functional ultrasound | 0.036* | |||||
No | 98.70 (281,249) | 97.70 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.30 (3571) | 2.30 | 2.91 [1.02–8.29] | 0.045* | ||
HF has functional microscopes | 0.495ns | |||||
No | 51.10 (145,409) | 47.30 | 1 | |||
Yes | 48.90 (139,411) | 52.70 | 1.24 [0.67–2.29] | 0.495ns | ||
HF has functional sterilizers | 0.306ns | |||||
No | 52.50 (149,396) | 46.90 | 1 | |||
Yes | 47.50 (135,425) | 53.10 | 1.37 [0.75–2.52] | 0.307ns | ||
HF has functional centrifuges | 0.135ns | |||||
No | 81.30 (231,472) | 87.30 | 1 | |||
Yes | 18.70 (53,349) | 12.70 | 0.54 [0.24–1.22] | 0.139ns | ||
HF avg. price for care services, mean (SE) | 5.00 (1.12) | 7.72 | 1.01 [1–1.02] | 0.188ns | 0.188ns | |
Long travel time (30+ min) | 0.006** | |||||
No | 16.40 (46,632) | 8.50 | 1 | |||
Yes | 83.60 (238,188) | 91.50 | 2.64 [1.29–5.4] | 0.008** | ||
HF level 1: Health center | 0.357ns | |||||
No | 41.80 (119,096) | 38.30 | 1 | |||
Yes | 58.20 (165,543) | 61.70 | 1.23 [0.79–1.93] | 0.357ns | ||
HF level 2: General reference hospital | < 0.001*** | |||||
No | 95.80 (272,754) | 89.40 | 1 | |||
Yes | 4.20 (11,884) | 10.60 | 7.73 [3.78–15.78] | < 0.001*** | ||
Dissatisfaction index score | 0.696ns | |||||
No dissatisfaction | 17.90 (50,927) | 15.00 | 0.81 [0.28–2.3] | 0.686ns | ||
Score 1 Low dissatisfaction | 23.10 (65,925) | 22.60 | 0.99 [0.37–2.65] | 0.979ns | ||
Score 2 | 23.20 (65,980) | 27.40 | 1.31 [0.51–3.4] | 0.573ns | ||
Score 3 | 16.30 (46,520) | 16.70 | 1.05 [0.31–3.58] | 0.934ns | ||
Score 4 | 12.10 (34,555) | 11.10 | 0.91 [0.3–2.69] | 0.858ns | ||
Score 5 High dissatisfaction | 7.30 (20,914) | 7.20 | 1 |