Table 3 A comparison of dependent and independent variables for rural and urban respondents in the pre- and post-intervention groups

Characteristics

Last childbirth occurred before 2010

Last childbirth occurred between 2010 - 2011

Difference

T-test p-value

Last childbirth occurred before 2010

Last childbirth occurred between 2010 - 2011

Difference

T-test p-value

Mean age (years)

29.9

28.5

−1.4

< 0.001

30.9

29.7

−1.2

< 0.001

Average number of children ever born

4.4

4.2

− 0.2

< 0.001

3.9

3.6

−0.3

< 0.001

Mean number of years of formal education received

3.4

3.4

0.0

< 0.956

7.4

8.1

+ 0.7

< 0.001

Percentage in the middle or a lower wealth quintile

83.3

84.0

0.7

0.128

28.4

27.9

−0.5

0.532

 Any antenatal visit to public-sector clinics (%)

36.1

45.5

+ 9.4

< 0.001

54.4

59.6

+ 5.2

< 0.001

 Any antenatal visit to private clinics (%)

9.2

7.6

−1.6

< 0.001

26.6

26.6

0.0

0.982

 Antenatal visits to other sites/No antenatal care

52.8

46.3

−6.5

< 0.001

18.3

13.4

−4.9

< 0.001

 Deliveries in public-sector clinics/hospitals (%)

16.3

18.0

+ 1.7

< 0.001

34.9

39.1

+ 4.3%

< 0.001

 Deliveries in private-sector clinics/hospitals (%)

7.9

6.3

−0.16

< 0.001

24.4

25.6

+ 1.1

0.162

 Deliveries at home (%)

74.7

75.4

+ 0.7

0.208

37.9

35.0

−2.9

0.001

 -those in need of permission (%)

16.4

14.7

−1.7

< 0.001

11.4

6.7

−4.7

< 0.001

 -those who couldn’t afford the cost of care (%)

63.3

52.1

−11.2

< 0.001

43.1

33.1

−10.0

< 0.001

 -those who thought the closest clinic/hospital was too far (%)

46.2

40.0

−6.3

< 0.001

20.5

15.7

−4.8

< 0.001

 -those in need of company (%)

21.2

18.1

−3.1

< 0.001

9.6

7.0

−2.6

< 0.001

 Number of observations

15,495

11,806

–

–

6224

5737

–

–