Table 1 Baseline variables for men and women with type 2 diabetes
Variables | Men | Women | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
N | 616 (56%) | 486 (44%) | |
Mean age | 65.5 (±9.5) | 63.9 (±10.5) | 0.012 |
EUROPEP | |||
Median care provider score | 4.4 (4.0 – 4.9) | 4.5 (4.0 – 4.9) | 0.063 |
Median general practice score | 4.2 (3.8 – 4.6) | 4.2 (3.8 – 4.7) | 0.832 |
Median WHO-5 sum score | 76 (68 – 84) | 72 (60 – 80) | < 0.001 |
Median EQ-5D sum score | 0.9 (0.8 – 1.0) | 0.84 (0.78 – 1.00) | < 0.001 |
Median EQ-VAS score | 80 (70 – 90) | 80 (61 – 88) | 0.007 |
Median PAID-5 score | 5 (0 – 15) | 5 (0 – 20) | 0.016 |
SDSCA items (median scores) | |||
General diet | 6 (5 – 7) | 6 (5 – 7) | 0.171 |
Fruit and vegetables | 6 (5 – 7) | 6 (5 – 7) | < 0.001 |
Less Fat | 5 (4 – 6) | 6 (5 – 6) | < 0.001 |
Exercise | 4 (2.5 – 6.0) | 4 (2.5 – 5.5) | 0.728 |
Foot-care | 1 (0 – 3.5) | 1.5 (0 – 3.5) | 0.060 |
Level of education | |||
Low | 179 (29.1%) | 197 (40.5%) | < 0.001 |
Mediate | 264 (42.9%) | 220 (45.3%) | – |
High | 173 (28.1%) | 69 (14.2%) | – |
Occupation | |||
Job | 176 (28.6%) | 116 (23.9%) | < 0.001 |
Retired | 368 (59.7%) | 206 (42.4%) | – |
Unemployed/ incapacitated | 61 (9.9%) | 38 (7.8%) | – |
Housewife/−man | 11 (1.8%) | 126 (25.9%) | – |
Problems with DM self-care | |||
No | 390 (63.3%) | 313 (64.4%) | 0.683 |
A little | 160 (26.0%) | 131 (27.0%) | – |
Some | 45 (7.3%) | 26 (5.3%) | – |
Huge | 21 (3.4%) | 16 (3.3%) | – |
Fall accidents | 149 (24.2%) | 144 (29.6%) | 0.041 |
Vascular diseases in family | 270 (43.8%) | 249 (51.2%) | 0.019 |
Contact with psychological caregivers | 26 (4.2%) | 41 (8.4%) | 0.004 |
Worries about hypoglycemia | |||
No | 457 (74.2%) | 328 (67.5%) | 0.052 |
A little | 98 (15.9%) | 91 (18.7%) | – |
Huge | 61 (9.9%) | 67 (13.8%) | – |
Smoking | 110 (17.9%) | 97 (20.0%) | 0.371 |
Alcohol usage | 409 (66.4%) | 179 (36.8%) | < 0.001 |
Median coffee usage | 4 (3 – 6) | 3 (2 – 4) | < 0.001 |
Median tea usage | 2 (0 – 3) | 2 (1 – 4) | < 0.001 |
Median BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 (26.2 – 31.5) | 29.6 (26.8 – 33.5) | < 0.001 |
Median diabetes duration (years) | 6.8 (3.2 – 9.8) | 6.8 (3.1 – 10.5) | 0.436 |
Median HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 49 (44 – 54) | 48 (44 – 53) | 0.605 |
Median systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 (128 – 144) | 132 (124 – 142) | 0.009 |
Median diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (70 – 84) | 78 (70 – 82) | 0.087 |
Median cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.1 (3.6 – 4.8) | 4.5 (3.9 – 5.1) | < 0.001 |
Median HDL (mmol/L) | 1.1 (1.0 – 1.3) | 1.4 (1.2 – 1.6) | < 0.001 |
Median LDL (mmol/L) | 2.3 (1.8 – 2.8) | 2.4 (1.9 – 3.0) | 0.003 |
Median creatinine (μmol/L) | 85 (75 – 96) | 68 (61 – 78) | < 0.001 |
Microvascular complications | 245 (39.8%) | 122 (25.1%) | < 0.001 |
Macrovascular complications | 226 (36.7%) | 107 (22.0%) | < 0.001 |
Diet | 105 (17.0%) | 101 (20.8%) | 0.114 |
Oral medication | 426 (69.2%) | 313 (64.4%) | 0.096 |
Insulin use | 85 (13.8%) | 72 (14.8%) | 0.632 |
Use of antihypertensive drugs | 462 (75.0%) | 361 (74.3%) | 0.785 |
Use of lipid lowering drugs | 499 (81.0%) | 361 (74.3%) | 0.007 |