Table 2 Bivariate Relationships of Individual-Level Characteristics with Maternal Healthcare Service Utilization in 2011
From: Women’s autonomy and maternal healthcare service utilization in Ethiopia
2005 (N = 6057) | 2011 (N = 7043) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antenatal care (%) | Health facility delivery (%) | Postnatal care (%) | Antenatal care (%) | Health facility delivery (%) | Postnatal care (%) | |
Individual-level characteristics | ||||||
Attitudes toward wife beating | ||||||
Favorable | 13.4* | 9.5* | 7.6* | 16.4* | 10.3* | 9.2* |
Opposing | 35.0 | 30.1 | 23.1 | 38.1 | 32.1 | 24.0 |
Women’s decision-making power | ||||||
Low | 10.3* | 7.6* | 6.0* | 12.5* | 9.0* | 7.9* |
High | 20.4 | 15.8 | 12.5 | 25.9 | 18.8 | 15.2 |
Age (years) | ||||||
15–24 | 19.7* | 15.6* | 11.6* | 22.1* | 19.4* | 14.9* |
25–34 | 18.3 | 13.8 | 11.3 | 23.3 | 17.2 | 13.7 |
35–49 | 12.8 | 9.5 | 7.5 | 19.7 | 10.2 | 10.0 |
Age at the first marriage (years) | ||||||
<16 | 12.8* | 8.7* | 6.4* | 16.8* | 10.5* | 9.8* |
16–19 | 18.1 | 13.0 | 11.7 | 22.8 | 15.3 | 12.7 |
≥20 | 28.9 | 26.7 | 19.6 | 32.4 | 29.6 | 21.2 |
Religion | ||||||
Orthodox | 23.1* | 16.9* | 14.4* | 31.6* | 23.3* | 19.1* |
Protestant | 15.9 | 11.4 | 9.3 | 18.3 | 11.3 | 10.6 |
Muslim | 12.6 | 9.4 | 7.1 | 17.4 | 13.1 | 4.7 |
Others | 7.8 | 17.5 | 4.6 | 12.1 | 10.3 | 2.9 |
Educational level | ||||||
No education | 9.4* | 6.0* | 4.4* | 13.1* | 7.3* | 6.6* |
Primary | 24.8 | 17.6 | 13.6 | 32.5 | 23.9 | 18.0 |
Secondary and higher | 75.0 | 70.2 | 59.2 | 75.7 | 79.7 | 62.9 |
Employment status | ||||||
No | 15.3* | 11.1* | 9.0* | 18.7* | 13.4* | 11.7* |
Yes | 23.8 | 19.9 | 15.0 | 30.2 | 22.2 | 16.4 |
Child was wanted | ||||||
No | 18.7 | 13.7 | 10.8 | 22.5 | 16.5 | 13.3 |
Yes | 16.7 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 22.0 | 15.9 | 13.0 |
Birth order | ||||||
First | 28.8* | 27.6* | 19.6* | 35.3* | 35.1* | 25.5* |
Second | 25.8 | 15.6 | 16.2 | 30.1 | 24.2 | 17.4 |
Third or higher | 12.3 | 8.2 | 6.7 | 16.5 | 8.9 | 8.7 |
Number of children in the household | ||||||
1 or 2 | 24.5* | 21.2* | 16.7* | 30.9* | 27.7* | 20.2* |
3 or 4 | 14.0 | 10.2 | 7.9 | 18.2 | 11.0 | 9.9 |
≥5 | 10.3 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 14.7 | 6.1 | 7.2 |
Spouse’s educational level | ||||||
No education | 7.7* | 4.7* | 3.2* | 11.2* | 5.6* | 5.9* |
Primary | 17.1 | 10.8 | 9.3 | 26.3 | 17.4 | 12.9 |
Secondary and higher | 53.5 | 48.7 | 39.2 | 54.9 | 56.1 | 44.1 |
Media exposure | ||||||
No | 11.2* | 7.3* | 5.7* | 12.1* | 6.4* | 6.0* |
Yes | 60.7 | 55.3 | 44.1 | 43.3 | 36.5 | 28.2 |
Wealth Index | ||||||
Poorest | 4.4* | 4.2* | 2.2* | 7.5* | 5.0* | 4.1* |
Poor | 5.7 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 11.8 | 4.0 | 5.1 |
Middle | 9.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 15.5 | 4.5 | 5.1 |
Rich | 12.5 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 21.8 | 8.3 | 10.3 |
Richest | 52.7 | 44.9 | 37.0 | 57.4 | 57.7 | 41.3 |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 65.0* | 59.9* | 49.0 | 58.1* | 62.6* | 44.2* |
Rural | 9.1 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 13.9 | 5.6 | 6.0 |