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Table 4 Mixed effect logistic regression for a combination of processes of care and clinical targets on differences between SDCs and GMCsa “clinics effect” at each hospital level and differences between clinic type effects across hospital levels (clinics-hospital interaction effect)

From: A combination of process of care and clinical target among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in general medical clinics and specialist diabetes clinics at hospital levels

 

Case-mix

Regional

Provincial

Community

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Processes of care

 HbA1c exam

1.96 (1.64–2.34)

3.60 (2.23–5.80)

4.17 (2.83–6.13)

3.24 (2.08–5.03)

2.57 (1.97–3.36)

2.55 (1.88–3.46)

0.97 (0.60–1.36)

0.98 (0.69–1.41)

 LDL-C exam

1.26 (1.05–1.51)

0.97 (0.63–1.51)

1.47 (1.06–2.05)

1.13 (0.74–1.72)

1.20 (0.89–1.62)

0.89 (0.63–1.25)

1.39 (1.01–1.94)

1.33 (0.93–1.89)

 Eye exam

1.87 (1.62–2.17)

1.14 (0.88–1.48)

1.49 (1.20–1.85)

1.35 (1.04–1.77)

2.35 (1.80–3.06)

1.99 (1.48–2.69)

2.29 (1.67–3.15)

2.54 (1.82–3.55)

 Foot exam

3.37 (2.85–3.97)

1.87 (1.40–2.51)

2.97 (2.31–3.83)

2.37 (1.73–3.25)

5.74 (4.21–7.82)

7.01 (4.99–9.84)

2.21 (1.59–3.06)

2.25 (1.62–3.13)

 AllFACE

2.73 (2.29–3.26)

1.89 (1.42–2.53)

2.42 (1.88–3.13)

1.68 (1.26–2.24)

2.11 (1.54–3.12)

2.14 (1.50–3.06)

1.46 (0.92–2.33)

1.50 (0.91–2.45)

Clinical outcome

 HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol)

0.90 (0.80–1.02)

0.94 (0.72–1.23)

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

0.89 (0.69–1.15)

0.89 (0.71–1.12)

0.92 (0.70–1.19)

1.00 (0.79–1.28)

1.02 (0.79–1.31)

 BP < 140/80 mmHg

1.24 (1.12–1.37)

1.41 (1.12–1.76)

1.42 (1.17–1.71)

1.55 (1.25–1.92)

1.57 (1.29–1.91)

1.52 (1.23–1.88)

0.92 (0.78–1.09)

0.81 (0.67–0.98)

 LDL-C < 100 mg/dL

1.05 (0.94–1.17)

1.24 (0.98–1.58)

1.30 (1.07–1.59)

1.19 (0.96–1.47)

1.27 (1.02–1.57)

1.28 (1.03–1.59)

0.84 (0.70–1.01)

0.87 (0.72–1.05)

 AllABC

0.93 (0.79–1.12)

1.25 (0.86–1.82)

1.37 (0.99–1.87)

1.28 (0.90–1.84)

1.05 (0.75–1.46)

1.06 (0.74–1.52)

0.77 (0.57–1.05)

0.72 (0.52–1.01)

A combination

 All7Q

1.33 (1.01–1.78)

1.22 (0.74–2.00)

1.43 (0.91–2.24)

1.23 (0.76–1.99)

2.01 (1.12–3.63)

1.91 (1.06–3.46)

1.26 (0.74–2.14)

1.26 (0.72–2.20)

 Num7Qb

1.06 (1.04–1.09)

1.06 (1.01–1.11)

1.09 (1.03–1.14)

1.06 (1.00–1.11)

1.12 (1.05–1.18)

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

1.03 (0.99–1.08)

  1. aGeneral medical clinics are as reference category
  2. bNum7Q count is relative risk
  3. Abbreviations: n number, AOR Adjusted odd ratio, ARR adjusted relative risk, CI confident interval, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, BP blood pressure, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ABC A-HbA1c, B- BP, C-LDL-C, GMCs general medical clinics, SDCs specialist diabetes clinics