Table 5 Generalized estimating equations

 Supervisor/Manager Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety

1.20 (1.19–1.22)

<0.001

1.27 (0.91–1.78)

 Organizational learning and Continuous Improvement

1.66 (1.55–1.77)

<0.001

1.10 (0.99–1.22)

 Teamwork within units

1.61 (1.59–1.62)

<0.001

0.82 (0.76–0.89)

 Communication Openness

1.22 (1.10–1.35)

<0.001

0.93 (0.90–0.97)

 Feedback and Communications About Error

1.50 (1.29–1.74)

<0.001

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

 Non-punitive Response to Error

1.09 (0.93–1.27)

0.308

0.83 (0.71–0.98)

 Staffing

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

0.007

0.74 (0.67–0.83)

 Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety

2.43 (2.09–2.83)

<0.001

1.15 (1.08–1.23)

 Hospital Handoffs & Transitions

1.12 (1.11–1.13)

<0.001

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

 Teamwork Across Hospital Units

1.48 (1.45–1.50)

<0.001

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

 Male

1

1

 Female

0.62 (0.62–0.63)

<0.001

1.56 (1.45–1.67)

 Less than 30 years of age

1

1

 Between 30 and 45

1.06 (0.92–1.23)

0.423

0.96 (0.81–1.14)

 Between 46 and 55

1.00 (0.72–1.40)

0.995

0.56 (0.46–0.69)

 Aged above 55

1.28 (1.14–1.42)

<0.001

0.40 (0.38–0.43)

 1 to 2 years

1

1

 3 to 5 years

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

<0.001

1.54 (1.21–1.94)

 6 to 10 years

0.67 (0.57–0.78)

0.291

1.44 (1.35–1.53)

 11 to 15 years

1.07 (1.01–1.14)

0.025

1.55 (1.51–1.59)

 16 to 20 years

0.78 (0.49–1.24)

<0.001

2.38 (1.54–3.68)

 More or equal to 21 years

1.58 (1.55–1.60)

0.463

3.34 (2.53–4.41)

 Under High School Level

-

-

1

 High school level

-

-

0.50 (0.19–1.28)

 Diploma level

-

-

0.36 (0.12–1.09)

 Bachelors Degree

-

-

0.65 (0.26–1.62)

 Masters Degree

-

-

0.49 (0.30–0.81)

 Doctorate Degree

-

-

0.33 (0.17–0.65)

 Administrator/Manager/Director

1

1

 Physician

0.50 (0.40–0.64)

<0.001

0.43 (0.35–0.51)

 Specialist

1.65 (0.74–3.67)

0.223

0.32 (0.24–0.43)

 Coordinator

0.65 (0.65–0.65)

<0.001

1.01 (0.58–1.76)

 Assistant/Aide

1.89 (1.34–2.67)

<0.001

0.27 (0.23–0.31)

 Pharmacist

0.53 (0.52–0.55)

<0.001

2.97 (2.30–3.84)

 Registered Nurse

0.60 (0.57–0.64)

<0.001

0.29 (0.17–0.50)

 Resident/PG/Intern

0.18 (0.14–0.22)

<0.001

0.14 (0.11–0.18)

 Assistant/Clerk/Secretary/Facilitator

0.65 (0.65–0.65)

0.611

1.02 (0.91–1.14)

 Technician

2.84 (2.49–3.24)

<0.001

0.55 (0.53–0.58)

 Other

1.04 (0.98–1.12)

0.189

0.19 (0.06–0.63)

 No

0.81 (0.74–0.88)

<0.001

0.64 (0.54–0.76)

 Yes

1

1

 Small

0.56 (0.56–0.57)

<0.001

0.87 (0.87–0.87)

 Large

1

1