Water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and quality in rural healthcare facilities in Rwanda

Table 1 General water and power characteristics of 17 rural healthcare facilities in Rwanda, assessments conducted in 2011 and 2012

Health center	Power source	Primary water source^a	Rainwater storage	Drinking water treatment method^b	Assessments conducted^c
A	Solar	National utility	100 m³	Ceramic filter	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
B	Grid	National utility	30 m³	Boiling	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
C	Grid	National utility	13 m³	Ceramic filter	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
D	Grid	National utility	100 m³	POU chlorination	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
E	Grid	Local supply (untreated)	11 m³	POU chlorination	Baseline 2012
F	Grid	National utility	20 m³	POU chlorination and ceramic filter	Baseline 2012
G	Solar	Local supply (untreated)	55 m³	POU chlorination and ceramic filter	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
H	Solar	National utility	30 m³	POU chlorination and ceramic filter	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
I	Grid	National utility	20 m³	POU chlorination and ceramic filter	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
J	Grid	Local supply (untreated)	20 m³	POU chlorination	Rapid 2011, Baseline 2012
K	Grid	Local supply (untreated)	10 m³	POU chlorination	Rapid 2011
L	Grid	National utility	10 m³	POU chlorination	Rapid 2011
M	Grid	National utility	10 m³	POU chlorination	Rapid 2011
N	Grid	National utility	5 m³	No treatment	Rapid 2011
O	Grid	National utility	none	Ceramic filter	Rapid 2011
P	Solar	Local supply (untreated)	15 m³	No treatment	Rapid 2011
Q	Solar	Local supply (untreated)	none	Ceramic filter	Rapid 2011

^aPiped water supplied by the national utility Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC) was surface water treated at centralized facilities, local piped water supply was untreated water piped from protected and unprotected springs. ^bCeramic filters had two or four candles and 8 L capacity; point of use (POU) chlorination was done in 20 L containers using dilute sodium hypochlorite solution. ^c Rapid screening assessments consisted of: observation of HCF infrastructure; interview with HCF director; water sample collection and analysis. Baseline assessments consisted of: interviews with HCF staff responsible for facility management, drinking water treatment, cleaning, maintenance and repair of WASH infrastructure, WASH-related record keeping; systematic inspection of WASH infrastructure including latrines and toilets; water sample collection and analysis

ISSN: 1472-6963