Characteristics | Model III (ANC4+, SBA and PNC) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDHS (2006-07) | PDHS (2012-13) | |||||||||||
Bivariate | Multivariate | Bivariate | Multivariate | |||||||||
OR | CI (95%) | p-value | AOR | CI (95%) | p-value | OR | CI (95%) | p-value | AOR | CI (95%) | p-value | |
Regions/Provinces | ||||||||||||
Baluchistan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Punjab | 4.27 | 2.91-6.26 | <0.01 | 2.60 | 1.72-3.95 | <0.01 | 4.90 | 3.91-6.15 | <0.01 | 2.88 | 2.21-3.75 | <0.01 |
Sindh | 5.39 | 3.66-7.93 | <0.01 | 5.36 | 3.52-8.15 | <0.01 | 6.46 | 5.13-8.13 | <0.01 | 5.01 | 3.85-6.52 | <0.01 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 2.59 | 1.72-3.92 | <0.01 | 2.20 | 1.41-3.44 | <0.01 | 2.60 | 2.04-3.31 | <0.01 | 1.99 | 1.52-2.62 | <0.01 |
Gilgit Baltistan | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01 | 1.95 | 1.46-2.60 | <0.01 | 1.74 | 1.25-2.43 | <0.01 |
Islamabad | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01 | 20.72 | 15.64-27.44 | <0.01 | 5.56 | 3.99-7.74 | <0.01 |
Geographical classification | ||||||||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Urban | 4.39 | 3.76-5.11 | <0.01 | 1.45 | 1.19-1.76 | <0.01 | 3.35 | 3.01-3.73 | <0.01 | 1.14 | 0.98-1.33 | 0.09 |
Respondents age | ||||||||||||
15-24 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
25-34 years | 1.31 | 1.10-1.57 | <0.01 | 1.18 | 0.92-1.51 | 0.18 | 1.03 | 0.91-1.17 | 0.66 | 0.91 | 0.76-1.10 | 0.34 |
35 years and above | 0.67 | 0.53-0.84 | <0.01 | 1.02 | 0.71-1.46 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.65-0.88 | <0.01 | 1.07 | 0.82-1.41 | 0.61 |
Respondents age at first birth | ||||||||||||
Less than 20 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
20-29 years | 2.10 | 1.79-2.46 | <0.01 | 1.28 | 1.04-1.57 | 0.02 | 2.28 | 2.03-2.55 | <0.01 | 1.26 | 1.08-1.48 | <0.01 |
30 years and above | 2.11 | 1.43-3.09 | <0.01 | 1.64 | 0.98-2.72 | 0.059 | 5.38 | 4.15-6.97 | <0.01 | 1.74 | 1.19-2.56 | <0.01 |
Respondents educational status | ||||||||||||
Uneducated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Primary | 2.84 | 2.27-3.54 | <0.01 | 1.46 | 1.14-1.88 | <0.01 | 3.32 | 2.81-3.91 | <0.01 | 1.54 | 1.28-1.87 | <0.01 |
Secondary | 5.98 | 4.91-7.29 | <0.01 | 1.92 | 1.50-2.46 | <0.01 | 7.01 | 6.07-8.09 | <0.01 | 2.09 | 1.73-2.52 | <0.01 |
Higher | 17.45 | 13.69-22.24 | <0.01 | 3.44 | 2.48-4.77 | <0.01 | 20.05 | 16.84-23.86 | <0.01 | 3.73 | 2.92-4.76 | <0.01 |
Husbands educational status | ||||||||||||
Uneducated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Primary | 1.56 | 1.18-2.08 | <0.01 | 0.98 | 0.72-1.33 | 0.92 | 2.05 | 1.67-2.53 | <0.01 | 1.18 | 0.93-1.49 | 0.16 |
Secondary | 3.32 | 2.68-4.12 | <0.01 | 1.42 | 1.11-1.83 | <0.01 | 4.11 | 3.50-4.82 | <0.01 | 1.61 | 1.33-1.95 | <0.01 |
Higher | 7.67 | 6.13-9.60 | <0.01 | 1.60 | 1.20-2.14 | <0.01 | 8.54 | 7.24-10.08 | <0.01 | 1.60 | 1.28-2.00 | <0.01 |
Respondents employment status | ||||||||||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Employed | 0.63 | 0.53-0.75 | <0.01 | 1.03 | 0.83-1.26 | 0.81 | 0.64 | 0.56-0.74 | <0.01 | 0.81 | 0.68-0.96 | 0.02 |
Husbands employment status | ||||||||||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Employed | 1.61 | 1.01-2.60 | 0.05 | 1.29 | 0.76-2.19 | 0.35 | 2.13 | 1.44-3.16 | <0.01 | 1.38 | 0.87-2.19 | 0.16 |
Parity/Number of children | ||||||||||||
5 children or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
3-4 children | 2.19 | 1.78-2.68 | <0.01 | 1.16 | 0.90-1.49 | 0.25 | 2.34 | 2.02-2.72 | <0.01 | 1.23 | 1.01-1.50 | 0.04 |
1-2 children | 2.81 | 2.32-3.39 | <0.01 | 1.49 | 1.11-1.99 | 0.01 | 3.96 | 3.45-4.55 | <0.01 | 1.91 | 1.51-2.39 | <0.01 |
Respondents autonomy to healthcare decision-making | ||||||||||||
No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.77 | 1.59-1.96 | <0.01 | 1.19 | 1.04-1.36 | 0.01 |
Exposure to mass medias | ||||||||||||
No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.35 | 5.40-7.48 | <0.01 | 1.48 | 1.21-1.81 | <0.01 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Poorer | 1.62 | 1.09-2.41 | 0.02 | 1.55 | 1.03-2.34 | 0.03 | 2.29 | 1.76-2.97 | <0.01 | 1.53 | 1.15-2.03 | <0.01 |
Middle | 3.12 | 2.16-4.50 | <0.01 | 2.51 | 1.69-3.74 | <0.01 | 3.93 | 3.07-5.02 | <0.01 | 1.98 | 1.49-2.64 | <0.01 |
Richer | 6.99 | 4.96-9.85 | <0.01 | 3.73 | 2.51-5.56 | <0.01 | 8.92 | 7.05-11.28 | <0.01 | 2.79 | 2.07-3.78 | <0.01 |
Richest | 22.48 | 16.14-31.32 | <0.01 | 7.38 | 4.83-11.27 | <0.01 | 31.02 | 24.55-39.19 | <0.01 | 5.37 | 3.85-7.49 | <0.01 |
Distance from health facility for medical care | ||||||||||||
Big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Not a big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.30 | 2.94-3.70 | <0.01 | 1.04 | 0.85-1.25 | 0.71 |
Transport arrangement for medical care | ||||||||||||
Big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Not a big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.36 | 3.00-3.75 | <0.01 | 1.11 | 0.92-1.34 | 0.26 |