From: Hepatitis C virus infection among patients with diabetes mellitus in Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Factor | Positive to HCV | Negative to HCV | OR (95 % CI) | X2 (P value) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | % | No | % | |||
Sex: | ||||||
Malea | 5 | 25.0 | 335 | 32.3 | 1.4 (0.5-4.0) | 0.48 (0.49) |
Female | 15 | 75.0 | 702 | 67.7 | ||
Marital status: | ||||||
Married | 20 | 100.0 | 949 | 91.5 | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | 1.85 (0.25)b |
Non marrieda | 0 | 0.0 | 88 | 8.5 | ||
Employment: | ||||||
Yesa | 2 | 10.0 | 263 | 25.4 | 3.1 (0.7-13.3) | 2.47 (0.088)b |
No | 18 | 90.0 | 774 | 74.6 | ||
Type: | ||||||
Type I | 3 | 15. 0 | 79 | 7.6 | 2.1 (0.6-7.5) | 1.49 (0.20)b |
Type IIa | 17 | 85.0 | 958 | 92.4 | ||
Insulin Treatment: | ||||||
Yes | 13 | 65.0 | 380 | 36.6 | 3.2 (1.3-8.1) | 6.76 (0.009)* |
Noa | 7 | 35.0 | 657 | 63.4 | ||
Glycemic control status: | 0.97 (0.4-2.5) | 0.004 (0.950) | ||||
Controlleda | 13 | 65.0 | 667 | 64.3 | ||
Uncontrolled | 7 | 35.0 | 370 | 35.7 | ||
Duration of disease: | ||||||
>5 years | 17 | 85.0 | 826 | 60.6 | 3.7 (1.1-12.7) | 4.93 (0.019)b* |
≤5 yearsa | 3 | 15.0 | 409 | 39.4 | ||
Hepatitis C partner:c( (n = 969) | ||||||
Yes | 1 | 5.0 | 30 | 3.2 | 1.6 (0.2-12.4) | 0.214 (0.482)b |
Noa | 19 | 95.0 | 919 | 96.8 | ||
Occupational exposure: | ||||||
Yes | 1 | 5.0 | 13 | 1.3 | 4.2 (0.5-33.3) | 2.11 (0.236)b |
Noa | 19 | 95.0 | 1024 | 98.7 | ||
Dental procedure: | 0.9 (0.4-2.2) | 0.061 (0.804) | ||||
Yes | 11 | 55.0 | 599 | 57.76 | ||
Noa | 9 | 45.0 | 438 | 42.24 | ||
Injection: | 0.7 (0.1-5.5) | 0.096 (1.000)b | ||||
Yes | 1 | 5.0 | 70 | 6.8 | ||
Noa | 19 | 95.0 | 967 | 93.2 | ||
IV Drug Use: | 0.8 (0.1-6.3) | 0.034 (1.000)b | ||||
Yes | 1 | 5.0 | 62 | 6.0 | ||
Noa | 19 | 95.0 | 975 | 94.0 | ||
Hospitalization: | ||||||
Yes | 19 | 95.0 | 847 | 81.7 | 4.3 (0.6-32.0) | 2.352 (0.151)b |
Noa | 1 | 5.00 | 190 | 18.3 | ||
Number of admissions: | ||||||
0a | 1 | 5.0 | 190 | 18.3 | ||
1–2 times | 8 | 40.0 | 675 | 65.1 | 2.3 (0.3-18.1) | 0.614(0.692) |
3–4 times | 7 | 35.0 | 116 | 11.2 | 11.5 (1.4-94.4) | 8.047 (0.007)* |
5+ times | 4 | 20.0 | 56 | 5.4 | 13.6 (1.5-123.9) | 8.825 (0.012)* |
Surgery: | ||||||
Yes | 17 | 85.0 | 683 | 65.9 | 2.9 (0.9-10.1) | 3.21 (0.094)b |
Noa | 3 | 15.0 | 354 | 34.1 | ||
Number of operations: | ||||||
0a | 3 | 15.0 | 354 | 34.1 | 2.40 (0.7-8.5) | 1.97(0.195) |
1–2 times | 13 | 65.0 | 639 | 61.6 | 8.6 (1.7-44.2) | 9.50(0.020)* |
3–4 times | 3 | 15.0 | 41 | 4.0 | 39.3 (3.1-495.0) | 21.07 (0.044)* |
5+ times | 1 | 5.0 | 3 | 0.3 | ||
Abortion:d(n–646) | ||||||
Yes | 9 | 69.2 | 314 | 49.6 | 2.3 (0.7-7.5) | 1.96 (0.262) |
Noa | 5 | 30.8 | 319 | 50.4 | ||
Blood Transfusion: | ||||||
Yes | 9 | 45.0 | 176 | 17.0 | 4.0 (1.6-9.8) | 10.68 (0.001)* |
Noa | 11 | 55.0 | 861 | 83.0 | ||
Sharing personal items: | ||||||
Yes | 3 | 15.0 | 21 | 2.0 | 8.5 (2.3-31.4) | 14.89 (0.009)b* |
Noa | 17 | 85.0 | 1016 | 98.0 | ||
Tattoo: | ||||||
Yes | 2 | 10.0 | 17 | 1.6 | ||
Noa | 18 | 90.0 | 1020 | 98.4 | 6. 7 (1.4-31.0) | 7.77 (0.048)b* |
Liver disease: | ||||||
Yes | 7 | 35.0 | 28 | 2.7 | 19.4 (7.2-52.4) | 63.94 (<0.001)* |
Noa | 13 | 65.0 | 1009 | 97.3 | ||
Elevated liver enzymes: (n = 1015) | ||||||
Yes | 8 | 40.0 | 51 | 5.1 | 12.3 (4.8-31.5) | 43.55 (<0.001)* |
Noa | 12 | 60.0 | 944 | 94.9 | ||
Positive US finding:(n = 210) | ||||||
Yes | 1 | 16.7 | 104 | 51.0 | 0.2 (0.02-1.7) | 2.75 (0. 212)b |
No a | 5 | 83.3 | 100 | 49.0 | ||
Elevated creatinine: (n = 1024) | ||||||
Yes | 3 | 15.8 | 81 | 8.1 | 2.1 (0.6-7.5) | 1.48 (0.200)b |
Noa | 16 | 84.2 | 924 | 91.9 | ||
Dialysis: | ||||||
Yes | 1 | 5.0 | 7 | 0.7 | 7.7 (0.9-66.1) | 4.89 (0.142)b |
Noa | 19 | 95.0 | 1030 | 99.3 | ||
Total | 20 | 100 | 1037 | 100 |