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Table 1 Distribution of Patients and HCV risk

From: Hepatitis C virus infection among patients with diabetes mellitus in Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Factor

Positive to HCV

Negative to HCV

OR (95 % CI)

X2 (P value)

 

No

%

No

%

Sex:

      

 Malea

5

25.0

335

32.3

1.4 (0.5-4.0)

0.48 (0.49)

 Female

15

75.0

702

67.7

Marital status:

      

 Married

20

100.0

949

91.5

0.98 (0.97-0.99)

1.85 (0.25)b

 Non marrieda

0

0.0

88

8.5

Employment:

      

 Yesa

2

10.0

263

25.4

3.1 (0.7-13.3)

2.47 (0.088)b

 No

18

90.0

774

74.6

Type:

      

 Type I

3

15. 0

79

7.6

2.1 (0.6-7.5)

1.49 (0.20)b

 Type IIa

17

85.0

958

92.4

Insulin Treatment:

      

 Yes

13

65.0

380

36.6

3.2 (1.3-8.1)

6.76 (0.009)*

 Noa

7

35.0

657

63.4

Glycemic control status:

    

0.97 (0.4-2.5)

0.004 (0.950)

 Controlleda

13

65.0

667

64.3

 Uncontrolled

7

35.0

370

35.7

Duration of disease:

      

 >5 years

17

85.0

826

60.6

3.7 (1.1-12.7)

4.93 (0.019)b*

5 yearsa

3

15.0

409

39.4

Hepatitis C partner:c( (n = 969)

      

 Yes

1

5.0

30

3.2

1.6 (0.2-12.4)

0.214 (0.482)b

 Noa

19

95.0

919

96.8

Occupational exposure:

      

 Yes

1

5.0

13

1.3

4.2 (0.5-33.3)

2.11 (0.236)b

 Noa

19

95.0

1024

98.7

Dental procedure:

    

0.9 (0.4-2.2)

0.061 (0.804)

 Yes

11

55.0

599

57.76

 Noa

9

45.0

438

42.24

Injection:

    

0.7 (0.1-5.5)

0.096 (1.000)b

 Yes

1

5.0

70

6.8

 Noa

19

95.0

967

93.2

IV Drug Use:

    

0.8 (0.1-6.3)

0.034 (1.000)b

 Yes

1

5.0

62

6.0

 Noa

19

95.0

975

94.0

Hospitalization:

      

 Yes

19

95.0

847

81.7

4.3 (0.6-32.0)

2.352 (0.151)b

 Noa

1

5.00

190

18.3

Number of admissions:

      

 0a

1

5.0

190

18.3

  

 1–2 times

8

40.0

675

65.1

2.3 (0.3-18.1)

0.614(0.692)

 3–4 times

7

35.0

116

11.2

11.5 (1.4-94.4)

8.047 (0.007)*

 5+ times

4

20.0

56

5.4

13.6 (1.5-123.9)

8.825 (0.012)*

Surgery:

      

 Yes

17

85.0

683

65.9

2.9 (0.9-10.1)

3.21 (0.094)b

 Noa

3

15.0

354

34.1

Number of operations:

      

 0a

3

15.0

354

34.1

2.40 (0.7-8.5)

1.97(0.195)

 1–2 times

13

65.0

639

61.6

8.6 (1.7-44.2)

9.50(0.020)*

 3–4 times

3

15.0

41

4.0

39.3 (3.1-495.0)

21.07 (0.044)*

 5+ times

1

5.0

3

0.3

  

Abortion:d(n–646)

      

 Yes

9

69.2

314

49.6

2.3 (0.7-7.5)

1.96 (0.262)

 Noa

5

30.8

319

50.4

Blood Transfusion:

      

 Yes

9

45.0

176

17.0

4.0 (1.6-9.8)

10.68 (0.001)*

 Noa

11

55.0

861

83.0

Sharing personal items:

      

 Yes

3

15.0

21

2.0

8.5 (2.3-31.4)

14.89 (0.009)b*

 Noa

17

85.0

1016

98.0

Tattoo:

      

 Yes

2

10.0

17

1.6

  

 Noa

18

90.0

1020

98.4

6. 7 (1.4-31.0)

7.77 (0.048)b*

Liver disease:

      

 Yes

7

35.0

28

2.7

19.4 (7.2-52.4)

63.94 (<0.001)*

 Noa

13

65.0

1009

97.3

Elevated liver enzymes: (n = 1015)

      

 Yes

8

40.0

51

5.1

12.3 (4.8-31.5)

43.55 (<0.001)*

 Noa

12

60.0

944

94.9

Positive US finding:(n = 210)

      

 Yes

1

16.7

104

51.0

0.2 (0.02-1.7)

2.75 (0. 212)b

 No a

5

83.3

100

49.0

Elevated creatinine: (n = 1024)

      

 Yes

3

15.8

81

8.1

2.1 (0.6-7.5)

1.48 (0.200)b

 Noa

16

84.2

924

91.9

Dialysis:

      

 Yes

1

5.0

7

0.7

7.7 (0.9-66.1)

4.89 (0.142)b

 Noa

19

95.0

1030

99.3

Total

20

100

1037

100

  
  1. aReference category
  2. bExact test
  3. cCalculated for married (n = 969)
  4. dEach category was tested against reference category; Calculated for females (n = 646); *Statistically significant