Table 3 Multiple logistic regression of association between predisposing and enabling factors and utilization (model A: referral; model B: seek eye care within the past year; model C: unmet ophthalmic need)

Sex (male)

1.03

(0.70–1.54)

0.867

0.93

(0.49–1.11)

0.599

1.02

(0.71–1.45)

0.915

Age (50–60 yrs)

3.23

(2.04–5.00)

< 0.001

1.39

(1.05–1.82)

0.020

1.45

(1.01–2.08)

0.040

Village (not neighborhood of healthcare facility)

0.97

(0.65–1.45)

0.871

2.13

( 1.64–2.86)

< 0.001

1.10

(0.77–1.56)

0.611

Years of residence (< 40)

2.40

(1.36–4.23)

< 0.001

1.79

( 1.30–2.45)

< 0.001

1.49

(0.96–2.33)

0.082

Education (≤ junior high school)

0.88

(0.58–1.35)

0.514

0.76

( 0.57–1.02)

0.066

0.79

(0.53–1.15)

0.182

Marital status (not married/cohabiting)

0.90

(0.56–1.45)

0.677

1.56

( 1.14–2.17)

0.008

0.97

(0.63–1.49)

0.898

Occupation (working group)

2.38

(1.59–3.57)

< 0.001

1.16

( 0.88–1.54)

0.277

1.49

(1.04–2.13)

0.027

Religion (non-Buddist or Taoist)

0.74

(0.40–1.35)

0.320

1.72

( 1.03–2.78)

0.019

1.25

(0.66–2.38)

0.489

Annual household income (≤ NTD 500,000)

1.28

(0.86–1.89)

0.215

0.97

( 0.74–1.28)

0.792

0.77

(0.58–1.19)

0.313

Commercial insurance (yes)

1.41

(0.94–2.13)

0.094

0.83

( 0.63–1.09)

0.179

1.79

(1.22–2.56)

0.002

Daily sun exposure time (< 3 hours)

1.08

(0.68–1.69)

0.747

1.15

( 0.84–1.59)

0.371

1.05

(0.70–1.59)

0.805

Comorbid condition (< 2 diseases)

2.82

(1.88–4.22)

< 0.001

1.20

( 0.88–1.64)

0.247

1.61

(1.10–2.33)

0.014

Alcohol (no)

0.72

(0.48–1.09)

0.122

0.97

( 0.74–1.28)

0.861

1.22

(0.85–1.75)

0.263

Tobacco (no)

0.76

(0.49–1.33)

0.342

0.61

( 0.42–0.87)

0.007

1.05

(0.66–1.67)

0.841