Household income determines access to specialized pediatric chronic pain treatment in Germany

Table 1 Socioeconomic status in the community and the clinical sample

	Clinical Sample	Community Sample
	All	All	Children with any pain^a	Children with recurrent pain^b	Children with ≥ 1 physician contact due to recurrent pain^c
	n = 979	n = 14,455	n = 9901	n = 3340	n = 2244
Winkler-Index (range 3 – 21)
Mean	13.9	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.1
SD	4.1	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.2
Mean difference		-2.5***	−2.4***	−2.4***	−2.8***
Effect Size (Cohen’s d)		0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7
SES status group
Low (3 – 8)	9.7 %	27.5 %	26.9 %	26.3 %	29.5 %
Medium (9 – 14)	45.5 %	46.9 %	47.4 %	48.3 %	48.4 %
High (15 – 21)	44.8 %	25.6 %	25.7 %	25.4 %	22.2 %
p ^#		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

comparisons were calculated for all subgroups of the community sample with the clinical sample
***p<0.001 (Student’s t-test). ^#p-value for Mann-Whitney-U test
^aAny pain: children and adolescents reporting any pain during the last three months
^bRecurrent pain: children and adolescents reporting recurrent pain, i.e., pain that occurs at least once in a month for more than the previous three months
^c≥1 Physician contact due to recurrent pain: children and adolescents who reported at least one physician contact due to their recurrent pain problem

ISSN: 1472-6963