Distribution and predictors of emergency department charges: the case of a tertiary hospital in Lebanon

Table 2 Association of total charges (in $) and components with independent variables

Variable	Total charges		Solutions		Pharmacy		Laboratory		Physician		Facility		Radiology
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Gender
Female	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
Male	13.0	1.9	1.7	.5	2.9	.4	−1.4	.6	3.0	.4	.7	.2	5.5	.9
P-value	<0.001		0.001		<0.001		0.017		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Age
0–18	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
19–29	−7.0	2.6	3.7	.7	−5.3	.6	−6.3	.8	−17.3	.6	-.2^@	.3	20.5	1.3
30–60	58.4	2.4	7.5	.6	−4.8	.5	18.3	.8	−5.8	.5	2.6	.3	39.7	1.2
60+	188.4	2.8	22.4	.7	−2.1	.6	62.9	.9	−5.0	.6	7.8	.3	84.2	1.4
P-value	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
ESI
1	411.4	16.9	127.2	4.3	12.8	3.5	64.7	5.2	7.4&	3.7	30.9	1.8	113.0	8.4
2	272.2	7.9	38.5	2.1	8.5	1.7	90.4	2.5	5.5	1.8	8.4	.9	102.5	3.9
3	151.8	6.5	17.7	1.7	3.4	1.4	55.8	2.1	8.4	1.5	4.3	.7	57.0	3.3
4	37.0	6.8	2.5*	1.8	1.1*	1.5	4.8*	2.1	10.8	1.5	1.5*	.8	19.1	3.4
5	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
P-value	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Disposition
Admitted	248.2	2.5	31.4	.6	4.3	.5	79.4	.8	−4.2	.5	-.3^!	.3	78.5	1.3
AMA	91.2	5.2	10.0	1.4	.13^#	1.2	52.9	1.7	−7.6	1.2	3.7	.6	30.1	2.6
Discharged	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		Ref
P-value	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001

* ESI4 vs ESI5 p-value = 0.168 for Solutions, and p-value = 0.460 for Pharmacy, p-value = 0.025 for Laboratory p-value = 0.055 for facility, & ESI1 vs ESI5 p-value = 0.042 for Physician, # AMA vs Discharged p-value = 0.917 for Pharmacy @ Age 19–29 vs 0–18 p-value =0.474 for facility, ! Admitted vs Discharged p-value =0.332 for facility

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