Assessing the relationship between neighborhood factors and diabetes related health outcomes and self-care behaviors

Smalls, Brittany L.; Gregory, Chris M.; Zoller, James S.; Egede, Leonard E.

doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1086-7

Table 4 Final models of relationship between neighborhood factors on diabetes outcomes and quality of life

From: Assessing the relationship between neighborhood factors and diabetes related health outcomes and self-care behaviors

	HbA1c	Systolic blood pressure	LDL cholesterol
Neighborhood problems
Safety	0.019	−0.058	−0.116
Violence	0.053	0.429	4.04*
Crime	0.105	−0.048	3.54
Problems	0.045	−0.331	0.658
Neighborhood characteristics
Aesthetics	0.054	−0.608	1.67
Walking environments	0.011	0.160	−0.654
Recreational facilities	0.016	−0.101	−0.368
Neighborhood activities	−0.017	0.166	1.37
Neighborhood rating	0.163	−1.28	−0.412
Neighborhood comparison	−0.006	0.504	−3.89
Access to healthy food
Food insecurity	0.092	0.226	−1.87
Access to healthy food	−0.001	−0.126	−0.355
Social support
Social cohesion	−0.086*	0.295	−0.385
Social support	−0.002	0.011	−0.132
Comorbidities	0.005	−0.045	0.737
Health literacy
Low (ref)
Marginal	−0.326	2.88	−13.9
Adequate	−0.230	3.52	−7.31
Age
18–34 years	−0.029	2.07	1.71
35–44 years	0.395	−1.62	−17.5
45–64 years (ref)
65+ years	−0.363	2.45	−10.7
Gender
Male (ref)
Female	−0.239	3.58*	15.8*
Marital status
Never married (ref)
Married	0.179	0.807	16.8
Separated/divorced	0.163	1.86	13.4
Widowed	−0.240	0.820	22.6
Race
Non-Hispanic White (ref)
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.112	4.10	9.21
Hispanic/other	0.170	3.35	30.2
Education
<High school	0.238	5.02	3.23
High school	−0.134	0.972	3.95
College (ref)
Graduate school	−0.221	4.57	14.6
Employment
Unemployment (ref)
Employed	0.087	−1.12	0.448
Income
<$19,999 (ref)
$20,000–49,999	0.098	3.45	3.89
$50,000–74,000	0.188	2.58	11.9
≥$75,000	−0.382	8.15*	−6.54
Health insurance
Uninsured (ref)
Private	−0.106	2.53	−3.26
Medicare	−0.234	1.59	−23.3
Medicaid	−0.686	6.51	−23.6
Military	−0.185	−1.64	−14.6
Other insurance	−0.182	−4.28	−28.4*
R²	0.041	0.042	0.016

* p < 0.05, ref = reference group
Final model for each outcome after hierarchical models run entering variables in blocks based on theoretical relationships – first model included variables characterized as neighborhood problems, second block added variables characterized as neighborhood characteristics, third block added variables, characterized as access to healthy foods, fourth block added variables characterized as social support, and fifth block added sociodemographic variable

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ISSN: 1472-6963

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