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Table 2 Observable correlates of Nonurgent ED utilization

From: Travel distances, socioeconomic characteristics, and health disparities in nonurgent and frequent use of Hospital Emergency Departments in South Carolina: a population-based observational study

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Variables

NEPCT

Log NE

Log PCT

Log PCP

Log EUA

Age

     

≤1

18.6**

−29.7**

37.5**

−94.3**

−52.8**

 

(0.541)

(0.849)

(1.25)

(2.08)

(2.58)

1 – 17

−2.21**

−9.06**

8.47**

−71.2**

−45.3**

 

(0.473)

(0.590)

(0.866)

(1.67)

(1.66)

18 – 34

4.29**

7.10**

1.45**

−38.7**

−19.8**

 

(0.485)

(0.373)

(0.436)

(1.02)

(1.63)

35 – 64

4.25**

6.82**

−4.93**

−11.1**

−15.0**

 

(0.325)

(0.305)

(0.397)

(0.778)

(0.988)

Gender

     

Female

9.62**

0.405*

2.15**

−7.52**

−5.39**

 

(0.142)

(0.170)

(0.382)

(0.447)

(1.19)

Race/Ethnicity

   

African American

8.68**

1.07**

−0.453

2.24**

−9.31**

 

(0.266)

(0.115)

(0.344)

(0.635)

(0.544)

Asian

2.62**

−2.12**

2.39**

0.0803

1.32

 

(0.735)

(0.665)

(0.890)

(1.77)

(2.05)

Native American

7.03**

−0.773

1.85

−2.58

−6.62**

 

(1.50)

(1.04)

(1.04)

(3.92)

(1.42)

Hispanic

8.24**

−3.16**

3.76**

−8.76**

0.190

 

(0.474)

(0.297)

(0.738)

(1.17)

(1.00)

Other race

4.80**

−1.87**

2.44**

−6.78**

1.80

 

(0.476)

(0.387)

(0.490)

(1.10)

(1.35)

Expected source of payment

  

Self-pay

1.04

0.715*

2.39**

−1.83*

−16.4**

 

(0.611)

(0.331)

(0.389)

(0.763)

(1.19)

Medicare

2.99**

−0.982**

0.809

15.2**

−0.628

 

(0.446)

(0.334)

(0.507)

(0.844)

(1.50)

Medicaid

6.17**

2.00**

2.22**

0.255

−6.75**

 

(0.585)

(0.407)

(0.447)

(0.927)

(1.34)

HMO

1.02*

−1.74**

−0.242

−1.07

4.72**

 

(0.386)

(0.361)

(0.598)

(1.36)

(.0.634)

Other payer

−8.26**

0.894

−0.705

7.22**

−4.93

 

(1.74)

(0.511)

(0.702)

(1.65)

(2.68)

Travel distance to FQHC by payment source

Commercial insurance × FQHC distance

0.0386

−0.0150

0.0102

0.0477

0.172**

 

(0.0224)

(0.0158)

(0.0183)

(0.0363)

(0.0512)

Self-pay × FQHC distance

0.0209

0.0106

0.0328

0.00681

0.113*

 

(0.0288)

(0.0159)

(0.0241)

(0.0368)

(0.0475)

Medicare × FQHC distance

0.0636**

0.00615

0.0520**

0.0047

0.0570

 

(0.0177)

(0.0194)

(0.0183)

(0.0520)

(0.0542)

Medicaid × FQHC distance

0.0268

−0.00777

0.0451

0.0556

0.0447

 

(0.0164)

(0.0159)

(0.0280)

(0.0397)

(0.0336)

HMO × FQHC distance

0.0596

0.0365*

0.00984

0.125*

0.0421

 

(0.0328)

(0.0176)

(0.0322)

(0.0525)

(0.0548)

Other payer × FQHC distance

−0.106

0.0258

−0.0160

−0.122*

0.0952

 

(0.0813)

(0.0216)

(0.0334)

(0.0605)

(0.107)

Travel distance to ED by payment source

     

Commercial insurance × ED distance

−0.0432**

−0.0118**

−0.0128

0.0184

0.0691**

 

(0.00682)

(0.00350)

(0.00817)

(0.0139)

(0.0108)

Self-pay × ED distance

−0.0699**

0.0219**

−0.0220**

0.0299*

0.0649**

 

(0.00703)

(0.00485)

(0.00713)

(0.0123)

(0.0129)

Medicare × ED distance

0.00524

−0.00612

0.00664

−0.0251

0.0422*

 

(0.00859)

(0.00811)

(0.0113)

(0.0232)

(0.0177)

Medicaid × ED distance

−0.00974

−0.00335

−0.0357**

0.0888**

0.106**

 

(0.00809)

(0.00686)

(0.0130)

(0.0242)

(0.0190)

HMO × ED distance

−0.0392**

−0.00919

−0.0231

0.0323

0.0613**

 

(0.00819)

(0.00648)

(0.0150)

(0.0328)

(0.0202)

Other payer × ED distance

−0.103**

0.00470

0.0163

−0.0707

0.0487

 

(0.0191)

(0.0107)

(0.0147)

(0.0364)

(0.0416)

Constant

90.2**

−44.2

−51.7**

−65.8**

−55.5**

 

(0.701)

(7485)

(1.35)

(1.61)

(2.48)

Observations

6,592,501

2,619,932

4,184,293

1,507,037

2,556,219

R-squared

0.041

0.066

0.018

0.125

0.042

Number of hospitals

64

64

64

64

64

  1. For legibility, all decimal points on the coefficients have been moved two places to the right and can be interpreted as probability percentage points. NEPCT is an indicator variable that is equal to 1 if either NE or PCT for the ED visit has a probability value greater than 0. All regressions control for day of week using a series of indicator variables for Monday to Saturday, leaving Sunday as the reference day
  2. Robust standard errors in parentheses
  3. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
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BMC Health Services Research

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