Age, years (SD)
|
78.8 (7.2)a,b
|
78.6 (7.0)a
|
77.7 (6.7)
|
Gender (% female)
|
73.9a,b
|
60.8a
|
59.6
|
Co-morbid conditions
|
Hypertension (%)
|
77.0a,b
|
73.0a
|
74.1
|
Hyperlipidemia (%)
|
52.4a
|
52.4a
|
58.3
|
Osteoarthritis (%)
|
33.1a
|
32.4a
|
31.5
|
Diabetes (%)
|
31.6a,b
|
23.8a
|
24.5
|
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (%)
|
27.9a,b
|
20.1a
|
23.2
|
Coronary Artery Disease (%)
|
26.9a,b
|
23.3a
|
25.0
|
Atrial fibrillation (%)
|
25.8a
|
25.2a
|
24.7
|
Non-skin cancer (%)
|
23.6a,b
|
33.9a
|
31.3
|
Stroke (%)
|
20.7a,b
|
17.5a
|
17.0
|
Mental health (%)
|
18.0a,b
|
15.9a
|
13.8
|
Congestive Heart Failure (%)
|
17.8a,b
|
14.0a
|
12.5
|
Peripheral Vascular Disease (%)
|
15.3a,b
|
11.2a
|
12.8
|
Dementia (%)
|
12.0a,b
|
7.4a
|
6.8
|
End-stage renal disease (%)
|
5.9a,b
|
4.6a
|
4.9
|
Rheumatoid arthritis (%)
|
3.5a,b
|
2.4a
|
2.8
|
Expenditures 2006
|
Total costs (SD)
|
$2,085 (2,411)a,b
|
$1,290 (1,495)
|
$1,275 (1,439)
|
Total out-of-pocket costs (SD)
|
$159 (224)a,b
|
$511 (608)a
|
$544 (662)
|
Plan costs (SD)c
|
$1,926 (2,316)a,b
|
778 (1,028)a
|
$731 (951)
|
Total cost of brand name drugs (SD)
|
$1,359 (2,105)a,b
|
$729 (1,263)a
|
$766 (524)
|
Out-of-pocket cost of brand name drugs (SD)
|
$93 (178)a,b
|
$301 (533)a
|
$318 (524)
|
Plan cost of brand name drugs (SD)c
|
$1,266 (2,034)a,b
|
$428 (868)a
|
$448 (857)
|
Total number of prescriptions (SD)
|
42 (33)a,b
|
25 (21)a
|
26 (22)
|
Total number of BM (SD)
|
12 (14)a,b
|
6 (8)a
|
7 (9)
|
Medication adherence
|
Diabetes medications, PDC (%)
|
76.8
|
77.3a
|
76.1
|
Diabetes medications, % adherence
|
59.4a
|
58.9
|
57.7
|
Hypertension medications, PDC (%)
|
79.3a,b
|
80.1a
|
78.6
|
Hypertension medications, % adherence
|
63.7a,b
|
65.7a
|
62.5
|
Lipid-lowering medications, PDC (%)
|
73.2a,b
|
75.8a
|
73.0
|
Lipid-lowering medications, % adherence
|
56.9a,b
|
59.8a
|
55.6
|