Table 2 Baseline characteristics and three-year health care utilization (2005-2007) for individuals with No metabolic syndrome, At-risk-for metabolic syndrome, with Metabolic syndrome, and with diabetes and/or coronary heart diseases (CHD) according to electronic health record data
No metabolic syndrome* | At-risk-for metabolic syndrome* | Metabolic syndrome* | Any diabetes/ CHD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 criteria | 1-2 criteria | ≥ 3 criteria | ||||
Baseline characteristics | ||||||
N | 36,841 | 36,267 | 5,185 | 17,320 | ||
Age, years (SD) | 45 (15) | 49 (16) | 52 (14) | 64 (16) | ||
Women, % | 62.8% | 57.4% | 48.6% | 48.0% | ||
Race (% White) | 78.8% | 76.5% | 78.5% | 79.3% | ||
Insurance | ||||||
Insurance % Commercial | 77.4% | 66.1% | 62.2% | 35.1% | ||
% Medicare | 10.6% | 18.3% | 20.4% | 5.4% | ||
Income, $US (SD) | $81,402 ($59,796) | $70,551 ($53,479) | $62,101 ($45,643) | $64,190 (49,551) | ||
Three-year outcomes | p-value† | p-value‡ | ||||
Inpatient admissions, mean number per patient (SD) | 0.12 (0.61) | 0.23 (1.07) | 0.35 (1.20) | 1.5 (3.6) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Length of stay, mean days (SD) § | 4 (3) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 12 (3) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Outpatient clinic visits, mean number per patient (SD) § | 4.3 (2.3) | 6.6 (2.5) | 10.4 (2.5) | 20.5 (2.5) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Total cost, US dollars (SD) § | $3,054 ($4) | $4,136 ($4) | $5,057 ($4) | $9,177 ($4) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Incidence of diabetes mellitus | 1.4% | 4.0% | 11.0% | N/A | <.0001 | N/A |
Incidence of CHD | 3.1% | 5.3% | 6.4% | N/A | <.0001 | N/A |