Table 3 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics correlated with cost of diabetes management among study subjects*
From: Cost of diabetes care in out-patient clinics of Karachi, Pakistan
| Â | Direct cost | Indirect cost | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Mean (SD) | p. value | Mean (SD) | p. value |
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
20 – 40 years | 1477.6 (1555.7) | 0.06 | 153.1 (402.3) | 0.142 |
41 – 50 years | 1527.7 (1549.5) |  | 150.9 (362.5) |  |
51 – 60 years | 1814.6 (1530.6) |  | 157.4 (478.4) |  |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1742.8 (1569.7) | 0.132 | 298.2 (699.3) | < 0.001 |
Female | 1555.0 (1533.0) | Â | 86.0 (111.2) | Â |
Education | ||||
Illiterate | 746.7 (607.7) | < 0.001 | 55.2 (44.4) | 0.004 |
Up to primary | 1612.8 (1735.2) | Â | 162.6 (579.5) | Â |
Secondary to intermediate | 1713.4 (1431.7) | Â | 155.6 (233.7) | Â |
Graduate and above | 2923.9 (1642.7) | Â | 300.5 (639.6) | Â |
Monthly household income | ||||
Up to 5000 | 673.8 (575.9) | < 0.001 | 51.6 (34.5) | < 0.001 |
5001 – 20000 | 1354.0 (1314.4) |  | 90.0 (132.0) |  |
> 20000 | 2843.0 (1688.4) | Â | 332.6 (712.3) | Â |
Socio-economic status (SES) | ||||
Low SES | 855.0 (618.1) | < 0.001 | 61.0 (47.7) | < 0.001 |
Middle SES | 1010.0 (1063.5) | Â | 78.2 (115.5) | Â |
High SES | 2898.1 (1638.9) | Â | 300.8 (670.2) | Â |
Clinical characteristics Duration of DM | ||||
1–5 years | 1412.9 (1425.9) | 0.006 | 167.2 (479.4) | 0.824 |
6–10 years | 1680.1 (1517.7) |  | 136.9 (178.7) |  |
> 10 years | 2090.0 (1773.9) | Â | 138.6 (442.6) | Â |
Mode of treatment | ||||
Lifestyle modification | 1302.0 (1163.9) | < 0.001 | 181.7 (174.3) | 0.950 |
Oral medication | 1373.6 (1434.9) | Â | 153.0 (424.5) | Â |
Insulin | 2574.7 (1546.1) | Â | 148.2 (443.3) | Â |
Co-morbidities | ||||
No co-morbidity | 1226.2 (1327.7) | 0.006 | 165.2 (420.5) | 0.583 |
≥ 1 co-morbidity | 1779.0 (1600.3) |  | 149.5 (415.7) |  |