Any DC vs. GP Care Only (n = 2882) | DC Only vs. GP+DC Care (n = 448) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted effect estimates | Adjusted effect estimates | ||||||||||
Variable | Category | Crude OR | Model 1* OR | 95% CI | Model 2† OR | 95% CI | Crude OR | Model 1* OR | 95% CI | Model 2† OR | 95% CI |
Age (Years) | 18–44 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
45–64 | 0.86 | 0.83 | (0.64, 1.07) | 0.85 | (0.66, 1.11) | 0.29 | 0.29 | (0.11, 0.73) | 0.34 | (0.12, 0.94) | |
≥ 65 | 0.49 | 0.49 | (0.36, 0.67) | 0.68 | (0.44, 1.04) | 0.18 | 0.17 | (0.05, 0.61) | 0.18 | (0.05, 0.71) | |
Per 10 years | 0.90 | 0.90 | (0.82, 0.90) | 1.00 | (0.90, 1.00) | 0.60 | 0.61 | (0.45, 0.74) | 0.61 | (0.45, 0.82) | |
Sex | Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Male | 1.06 | 1.05 | (0.83, 1.31) | 1.03 | (0.82, 1.30) | 4.55 | 4.65 | (2.19, 9.87) | 3.63 | (1.67, 7.90) | |
Race/ethnicity | White only | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Other/multiple | 0.65 | 0.62 | (0.44, 0.87) | 0.61 | (0.42, 0.87) | 1.15 | 1.12 | (0.46, 2.76) | 1.29 | (0.53, 3.16) | |
Education | No H.S. degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
H.S. degree | 1.52 | 1.32 | (0.92, 1.90) | 1.42 | (0.98, 2.06) | 0.73 | 0.48 | (0.17, 1.40) | 0.61 | (0.20, 1.85) | |
Some college | 1.28 | 1.09 | (0.73, 1.60) | 1.19 | (0.80, 1.77) | 0.66 | 0.61 | (0.22, 1.65) | 0.78 | (0.26, 2.36) | |
4-year degree | 1.58 | 1.40 | (0.97, 2.02) | 1.52 | (1.05, 2.20) | 0.29 | 0.23 | (0.08, 0.70) | 0.30 | (0.09, 1.00) | |
Marital status | Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Was married | 0.77 | 0.92 | (0.68, 1.25) | 0.93 | (0.67, 1.29) | 0.25 | 0.49 | (0.13, 1.86) | 0.51 | (0.14, 1.84) | |
Single | 0.87 | 0.77 | (0.56, 1.07) | 0.73 | (0.52, 1.01) | 2.70 | 1.84 | (0.82, 4.10) | 1.55 | (0.65, 3.70) | |
Income (adjusted for household size) | Highest quint. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Upper middle | 0.84 | 0.81 | (0.56, 1.16) | 0.80 | (0.55, 1.16) | 1.43 | 1.63 | (0.51, 5.23) | 1.56 | (0.50, 4.90) | |
Middle | 0.71 | 0.70 | (0.48, 1.04) | 0.71 | (0.47, 1.07) | 2.11 | 2.23 | (0.64, 7.79) | 1.93 | (0.51, 7.25) | |
Lower middle | 0.79 | 0.83 | (0.57, 1.22) | 0.84 | (0.56, 1.27) | 2.33 | 2.82 | (0.88, 8.97) | 2.45 | (0.70, 8.59) | |
Lowest quint. | 0.44 | 0.49 | (0.32, 0.73) | 0.49 | (0.30, 0.80) | 1.76 | 2.34 | (0.64, 8.55) | 2.15 | (0.46, 9.96) | |
Main income source | Employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Other | 0.62 | 0.78 | (0.55, 1.12) | 0.76 | (0.53, 1.11) | 0.38 | 0.86 | (0.30, 2.45) | 0.92 | (0.33, 2.52) | |
HUI | Per 0.1 unit | 0.99 | 0.97 | (0.93, 1.02) | 0.95 | (0.90, 1.00) | 1.25 | 1.12 | (0.90, 1.40) | 1.12 | (0.89, 1.41) |
Self-rated health | Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Very good | 0.93 | 0.96 | (0.71, 1.30) | 1.01 | (0.74, 1.37) | 0.51 | 0.58 | (0.26, 1.29) | 0.58 | (0.26, 1.30) | |
Good | 0.76 | 0.88 | (0.63, 1.23) | 0.95 | (0.67, 1.34) | 0.55 | 0.76 | (0.29, 1.98) | 0.70 | (0.24, 2.03) | |
Fair or poor | 0.83 | 1.03 | (0.68, 1.56) | 1.11 | (0.65, 1.87) | 0.08 | 0.11 | (0.01, 0.86) | 0.09 | (0.01, 0.66) | |
Depression (past year) | 1+ episodes | 1.06 | 0.96 | (0.64, 1.44) | 0.95 | (0.61, 1.47) | 0.33 | 0.38 | (0.08, 1.73) | 0.39 | (0.08, 2.04) |
Mental health (past year) | 1+ visits | 1.34 | 1.25 | (0.90, 1.74) | 1.23 | (0.87, 1.74) | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ||
Emotional problems | Happy in life | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Not happy | 0.75 | 0.76 | (0.56, 1.03) | 0.70 | (0.50, 0.99) | 1.10 | 1.64 | (0.61, 4.40) | 2.80 | (0.93, 8.44) | |
Chronic conditions (lifetime history) | Asthma | 1.15 | 1.07 | (0.76, 1.52) | 1.12 | (0.78, 1.61) | 0.81 | 0.67 | (0.21, 2.12) | 0.81 | (0.25, 2.68) |
Arthritis | 1.08 | 1.37 | (1.02, 1.83) | 1.33 | (0.98, 1.82) | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |||
Hypertension | 0.53 | 0.62 | (0.45, 0.86) | 0.65 | (0.46, 0.91) | 0.15 | 0.26 | (0.05, 1.35) | 0.30 | (0.06, 1.58) | |
Emphysema | 0.84 | 0.99 | (0.39, 2.52) | 1.02 | (0.39, 2.72) | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |||
Diabetes | 0.65 | 0.79 | (0.44, 1.42) | 0.77 | (0.42, 1.42) | 0.15 | 0.25 | (0.03, 2.43) | 0.25 | (0.02, 2.97) | |
Heart disease | 0.72 | 0.90 | (0.53, 1.50) | 0.96 | (0.57, 1.61) | 0.18 | 0.33 | (0.04, 2.60) | 0.46 | (0.05, 3.88) | |
CHD | 0.58 | 0.72 | (0.28, 1.80) | 0.74 | (0.29, 1.88) | 0.66 | 1.60 | (0.25, 10.30) | 1.89 | (0.18, 20.44) | |
Angina | 0.42 | 0.57 | (0.28, 1.15) | 0.61 | (0.29, 1.27) | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |||
1 or more | 0.84 | 1.03 | (0.80, 1.33) | 1.05 | (0.80, 1.37) | 0.14 | 0.19 | (0.07, 0.56) | 0.20 | (0.06, 0.67) | |
Per condition | 0.88 | 0.96 | (0.85, 1.08) | 0.97 | (0.85, 1.10) | 0.29 | 0.34 | (0.15, 0.78) | 0.36 | (0.14, 0.91) | |
Pain/activity limits | No pain | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Pain | 1.46 | 1.58 | (1.20, 2.07) | 1.92 | (1.34, 2.76) | 0.30 | 0.38 | (0.14, 1.00) | 0.30 | (0.07, 1.18) | |
Activity restrictions | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Sometimes | 1.33 | 1.41 | (1.09, 1.84) | 1.43 | (1.08, 1.89) | 0.35 | 0.38 | (0.16, 0.92) | 0.39 | (0.16, 0.96) | |
Often | 0.96 | 1.05 | (0.73, 1.51) | 1.06 | (0.66, 1.72) | 0.50 | 0.61 | (0.19, 1.95) | 0.56 | (0.13, 2.54) | |
Back/neck problems | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Disabling | 2.27 | 2.37 | (1.76, 3.19) | 2.38 | (1.73, 3.29) | 0.20 | 0.18 | (0.06, 0.58) | 0.19 | (0.07, 0.56) | |
Smoking status | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Past | 1.12 | 1.15 | (0.88, 1.50) | 1.20 | (0.91, 1.57) | 0.23 | 0.24 | (0.08, 0.72) | 0.22 | (0.07, 0.64) | |
Current | 1.02 | 0.94 | (0.69, 1.27) | 0.96 | (0.70, 1.32) | 2.61 | 2.77 | (1.29, 5.95) | 2.13 | (0.97, 4.65) | |
Body weight | Under/normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Overweight | 1.12 | 1.14 | (0.88, 1.48) | 1.11 | (0.85, 1.44) | 0.81 | 0.60 | (0.27, 1.34) | 0.55 | (0.25, 1.22) | |
Obese | 0.99 | 0.97 | (0.69, 1.36) | 0.97 | (0.69, 1.37) | 0.46 | 0.24 | (0.07, 0.83) | 0.24 | (0.07, 0.83) | |
Physical activity (past 3 months) | Active | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Moderate | 0.91 | 0.95 | (0.70, 1.29) | 0.96 | (0.70, 1.31) | 1.09 | 1.71 | (0.67, 4.38) | 1.56 | (0.61, 4.02) | |
Inactive | 0.95 | 1.02 | (0.77, 1.35) | 0.99 | (0.74, 1.32) | 1.60 | 2.25 | (0.93, 5.45) | 1.75 | (0.71, 4.33) | |
Activity frequency (past 3 months) | Regular | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Occasional | 1.15 | 1.16 | (0.85, 1.58) | 1.17 | (0.86, 1.60) | 1.09 | 0.85 | (0.28, 2.62) | 0.82 | (0.27, 2.50) | |
Infrequent | 0.81 | 0.91 | (0.65, 1.28) | 0.81 | (0.56, 1.17) | 2.29 | 3.74 | (1.62, 8.66) | 2.42 | (0.89, 6.60) | |
Hospitalization (past year) | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1 or more | 0.70 | 0.75 | (0.51, 1.11) | 0.74 | (0.49, 1.10) | 0.64 | 0.89 | (0.22, 3.53) | 1.11 | (0.26, 4.70) | |
Prescriptions (past month) | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1 or more | 0.76 | 0.85 | (0.67, 1.09) | 0.86 | (0.67, 1.10) | 0.13 | 0.19 | (0.07, 0.49) | 0.21 | (0.08, 0.57) | |
Medications (past 2 days) | Per medication | 0.92 | 0.96 | (0.86, 1.07) | 0.96 | (0.85, 1.08) | 0.19 | 0.25 | (0.09, 0.68) | 0.26 | (0.10, 0.65) |
Unmet needs (past year) | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 1.06 | 1.01 | (0.72, 1.41) | 1.00 | (0.70, 1.43) | 0.86 | 0.78 | (0.30, 2.05) | 1.02 | (0.34, 3.08) | |
Regular doctor (past year) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 0.79 | 0.88 | (0.60, 1.29) | 0.95 | (0.65, 1.40) | 0.16 | 0.24 | (0.10, 0.56) | 0.25 | (0.10, 0.63) | |
Health care quality (past year) | Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Good | 1.22 | 1.20 | (0.93, 1.55) | 1.24 | (0.96, 1.60) | 2.10 | 2.21 | (0.93, 5.25) | 2.08 | (0.83, 5.20) | |
Fair or poor | 1.40 | 1.39 | (0.98, 1.98) | 1.36 | (0.94, 1.95) | 2.49 | 2.01 | (0.70, 5.75) | 2.12 | (0.68, 6.61) | |
Health care satisfaction (past year) | Very satisfied | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Somewhat sat. | 1.00 | 0.97 | (0.76, 1.25) | 0.99 | (0.77, 1.28) | 1.69 | 1.69 | (0.73, 3.90) | 1.55 | (0.65, 3.72) | |
Not satisfied | 1.38 | 1.31 | (0.93, 1.84) | 1.25 | (0.88, 1.78) | 2.81 | 2.38 | (0.92, 6.16) | 1.96 | (0.72, 5.32) | |
Quality of MD care (past year) | Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Good | 1.24 | 1.27 | (0.96, 1.68) | 1.23 | (0.92, 1.63) | 1.17 | 1.36 | (0.32, 5.82) | 1.66 | (0.39, 7.06) | |
Fair or poor | 2.16 | 2.21 | (1.41, 3.47) | 2.25 | (1.42, 3.58) | 1.41 | 1.36 | (0.28, 6.57) | 1.47 | (0.35, 6.19) | |
Satisfaction of MD care (past year) | Very satisfied | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Somewhat sat. | 1.17 | 1.16 | (0.87, 1.56) | 1.17 | (0.87, 1.58) | 1.12 | 1.10 | (0.23, 5.33) | 1.18 | (0.23, 5.98) | |
Not satisfied | 1.83 | 1.72 | (1.09, 2.71) | 1.65 | (1.02, 2.66) | 1.76 | 1.56 | (0.30, 8.05) | 1.51 | (0.35, 6.46) |