Patient involvement in medical decision-making and pain among elders: physician or patient-driven?

Table 1 Prevalence of frequent and severe pain by categorical independent variables

Sociodemographics		N = 3,135	Frequent Pain %	Severe Pain %
Gender	Male	952	35.7¹	6.3³
	Female	2,183	45.5	10.4
Race/Ethnicity	White	2,678	42.5	8.4¹
	Hispanic	327	42.5	11.6
	Other	130	43.9	19.2
Education	< high sch. grad.	785	45.9³	13.3¹
	High school grad.	2,350	41.4	7.8
Marital Status	Married	1,661	40.8³	8.1
	Not married	1,474	44.5	10.3
Rural / urban residency	Urban	1,720	43.9	9.6
	Rural, non-frontier	1,072	40.8	8.7
	Frontier	343	41.1	8.5
Income	<$10,000	491	47.9¹	14.3²
	$10–20,000	658	47.7	10.3
	$21–30,000	505	43.0	7.7
	$31,000 and higher	892	36.0	5.7
Health care
Insurance	Uninsured	93	46.2	21.5¹
	Medicare	917	41.8	9.2
	Medicaid	341	43.7	12.6
	Medicare+other ins.	1,498	43.4	7.9
	Other private/gov. ins	286	37.8	7.7
Tenure with doctor	No personal doctor	426	37.8¹	10.6
	Less than 1 yr	227	44.9	9.2
	1–2 yrs	414	45.7	10.1
	3–4 yrs	454	42.3	8.4
	5 or more yrs	1,614	42.7	8.7
Health status
No. of comorbidities	0	1,690	37.2³	6.3²
	1	874	47.1	10.5
	2	384	48.7	14.1
	3 or more	187	56.7	18.7
Ever diagnosed with arthritis	Yes	1,988	55.0¹	12.8²
	No	1,147	20.8	2.9
General health status	Excellent	316	15.2³	2.2³
	Very good	720	31.1	5.6
	Good	1,040	41.0	3.1
	Fair	687	55.8	13.8
	Poor	360	69.2	29.2

ISSN: 1472-6963