Cigarette smoking, health status, socio-economic status and access to health care in diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey

Table 6 Variations in access to health care for diabetic subjects according to smoking status. (OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval).

	Never smoked	Current Smokers		P value	Ex-smoker		P Value
	Frequency (%) (968)	Frequency (%) (296)	OR (95% CI)		Frequency (%) (582)	OR (95% CI)
Utilisation in last 12 months:
Hospital clinic, at least once	585/774 (76)	161/237 (68)	0.59 (0.44 to 0.79)	< 0.001	387/498 (78)	1.25 (0.92 to 1.69)	0.153
GP clinic, at least once	558/663 (84)	163/207 (79)	0.78 (0.47 to 1.28)	0.321	351/428 (82)	0.91 (0.61 to 1.34)	0.624
Diabetes nurse	712 (74)	198 (67)	0.70 (0.49 to 0.99)	0.046	380 (65)	0.72 (0.56 to 0.92)	0.008
Dietician	476 (49)	139 (47)	0.99 (0.73 to 1.35)	0.946	244 (42)	0.89 (0.70 to 1.12)	0.316
Chiropodist	480 (50)	141 (48)	0.97 (0.72 to 1.31)	0.854	307 (53)	1.01 (0.74 to 1.38)	0.946
Ophthalmologist	627 (65)	156 (53)	0.70 (0.49 to 1.01)	0.054	345 (59)	0.91 (0.73 to 1.14)	0.423
Clinical Care
Treated with insulin	231 (24)	95 (32)	1.32 (0.87 to 2.02)	0.195	150 (26)	1.24 (0.92 to 1.66)	0.156
Uses self-monitoring (blood or urine)	777 (80)	232 (78)	0.85 (0.62 to 1.15)	0.280	465 (80)	1.11 (0.86 to 1.44)	0.404
Told BP high	585 (60)	151 (51)	0.75 (0.60 to 0.93)	0.010	341 (59)	0.86 (0.69 to 1.06)	0.164
Treated for hypertension	484/585 (83)	101/151 (67)	0.47 (0.30 to 0.74)	0.001	267/341 (78)	0.73 (0.45 to 1.18)	0.204

^aadjusted for age, sex, ethnic group, duration of diabetes, type of diabetes, social class, car ownership, education, housing tenure and eight SF-36 scores. ^b53 cases with 'not known' smoking status were omitted from the analyses.

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