Table 2 Summary – hospital use (overall ES, 95% CI, N, I ² )

Respiratory

0.27 (0.16 to 0.37, n = 34, moderate)

0.28 (0.16 to 0.41, n = 27, moderate)

0.19 (0.02 to 0.36, n = 7, low)

−0.21 (−0.32 to −0.09, n = 31, moderate)

−0.19 (−0.33 to −0.05, n = 25, moderate)

−0.26 (−0.42 to −0.10, n = 6, zero)

Cardiac

0.21 (0.14 to 0.28, n = 40, moderate)

0.19 (0.10 to 0.27, n = 27, moderate)

0.26 (0.12 to 0.39, n = 13, moderate)

−0.23 (−0.34 to −0.13, n = 38, high)

−0.20 (−0.33 to −0.07, n = 25, high)

−0.29 (−0.47 to −0.11, n = 13, high)

Arthritis

0.16 (0.07 to 0.26, n = 11, zero)

0.17 (0.07 to 0.27, n = 7, zero)

0.13 (−0.13 to 0.39, n = 4, zero)

−0.06 (−0.22 to 0.10, n = 6, moderate)

−0.02 (−0.19 to 0.16, n = 5, moderate)

−0.24 (−0.48 to 0.00, n = 1, NA)

Pain

0.13 (0.04 to 0.21, n = 19, low)

0.12 (0.02 to 0.22, n = 15, low)

0.20 (−0.10 to 0.50, n = 4, zero)

−0.03 (−0.34 to 0.28, n = 3, low)

−0.03 (−0.34 to 0.28, n = 3, low)

Diabetes

0.44 (0.14 to 0.75, n = 10, high)

0.44 (0.14 to 0.75, n = 10, high)

−0.12 −0.29 to 0.05, n = 5, moderate)

−0.12 −0.29 to 0.05 n = 5, moderate)

Mental health

0.22 (0.11 to 0.33, n = 26, high)

0.05 (−0.07 to 0.17, n = 15, moderate)

0.38 (0.24 to 0.51, n = 11, high)

−0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04, n = 21, low)

−0.03 (−0.16 to 0.10, n = 13, moderate)

−0.04 (−0.13 to 0.05, n = 8, zero)

Mixed

0.13 (0.02 to 0.24, n = 10, moderate)

0.11 (−0.03 to 0.24, n = 7, moderate)

0.22 (−0.03 to 0.48, n = 3, moderate)

−0.12 (−0.20 to −0.03, n = 11, moderate)

−0.09 (−0.17 to −0.02, n = 8, zero)

−0.13 (−0.40 to 0.14, n = 3, moderate)