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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study cohort (all data are proportions of patients unless otherwise specified)

From: Effect of telehealth on glycaemic control: analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes in the Whole Systems Demonstrator cluster randomised trial

 

Control (N = 213)

Intervention (N = 300)

Standardised difference (variance ratio)

Site

   

  Cornwall

20.2

22.3

5.2

  Kent

24.9

14.3

-26.8

  Newham

54.9

63.3

17.2

Other targeted conditions

   

  COPD

11.3

16.3

14.7

  Heart failure

12.7

13.0

1.0

Age

   

  Mean (SD) age in years

66.2 (11.9)

63.9 (13.0)

-18.2 (1.2)

  <65 years

43.7

50.7

14.1

  65-74 years

31.0

29.7

-2.9

  75-84 years

21.1

16.3

-12.3

  > = 85 years

4.2

3.3

-4.7

Female

35.7

46.7

22.5

Ethnicity

   

  White

55.4

51.7

-7.5

  Other

33.3

30.3

-6.4

  Unknown

11.3

18.0

19.1

Area-level deprivation score*

   

  Mean (SD)

34.2 (13.0)

36.7 (14.4)

18.3 (1.2)

  First quartile

4.2

4.3

0.5

  Second quartile

8.0

7.0

-3.7

  Third quartile

23.9

18.7

-12.9

  Fourth quartile

63.8

70.0

13.1

Mean Combined Model score (SD)**

0.25 (0.18)

0.24 (0.19)

-3.8 (1.2)

Ischemic heart disease

14.6

8.3

-19.6

Diabetes management in prior year

   

  Insulin

46.5

49.7

6.4

  Sulphonylureas

41.3

40.3

-2.0

  Metformin

69.5

77.3

17.8

  Thiazolidinediones

9.4

12.3

9.5

Smoking status

   

  Never

42.3

46.3

8.2

  Current

12.2

10.7

-4.8

  Ex smoker

45.5

43.0

-5.1

Latest clinical readings (mean (SD))

   

  HbA1c

8.3 (1.7)

8.5 (1.8)

10.6 (1.3)

  Body-mass index (BMI)***

30.3 (5.9)

31.8 (6.6)

24.2 (1.3)

  Cholesterol****

4.3 (1.1)

4.3 (1.4)

2.5 (1.5)

  Systolic blood pressure

134.4 (17.6)

132.1 (19.1)

-12.6 (1.2)

  Diastolic blood pressure

74.3 (10.2)

75.0 (10.3)

6.3 (1.0)

Latest HbA1c < = 7.5%

35.7

33.3

-4.9

Mean (SD) health care contacts per patient in prior year

   

  Practice nurses

6.0 (7.5)

4.9 (7.7)

-15.0 (1.1)

  General practitioner

8.5 (7.2)

9.2 (6.0)

10.2 (0.7)

  Elective admissions

0.5 (1.2)

0.4 (0.8)

-15.7 (0.5)

  Emergency admissions

0.5 (1.1)

0.5 (1.0)

-3.7 (0.7)

  Outpatient attendances

6.7 (8.9)

5.8 (6.9)

-11.1 (0.6)

  Emergency department visits

0.5 (1.1)

0.7 (1.3)

16.2 (1.2)

  Hospital bed days

3.3 (6.4)

3.7 (9.3)

5.4 (2.1)

  1. SD = standard deviation.
  2. *Based on the Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2007, attributed to small areas of residence.
  3. **Combined Model score is the estimated probability of emergency hospitalization within the 12-month trial period [33].
  4. ***N = 189 (control); 245 (intervention).
  5. ****N = 212 (control); 298 (intervention).
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