Table 3 Results of multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis predicting cluster membership

Patient and disease characteristics

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Gender (reference male)

1.80 (1.38-2.34)

0.92 (0.83-1.02)

2.27 (1.76-2.93)

Age (reference 18–44)

45-54

0.43 (0.09-1.92)

1.46 (1.12-1.90)

0.35 (0.07-1.72)

55-64

0.71 (0.21-2.41)

1.64 (1.29-2.10)

0.48 (0.13-1.82)

65-74

3.24 (1.08-9.69)

1.74 (1.36-2.22)

2.22 (0.67-7.39)

75 and older

16.20 (5.55-47.27)

1.26 (0.98-1.62)

15.47 (4.76-50.27)

Urbanisation (reference: 2500 or more addresses per square km)

1500-2499 addresses per square km

0.61 (0.38-0.99)

1.19 (0.94-1.52)

0.57 (0.36-0.90)

1000-1499 addresses per square km

0.69 (0.40-1.21)

1.11 (0.83-1.48)

0.65 (0.38-1.10)

500-999 addresses per square km

0.58 (0.30-1.12)

1.14 (0.82-1.60)

0.53 (0.28-1.00)

<500 addresses per square km

0.66 (0.34-1.29)

1.17 (0.80-1.72)

0.60 (0.32-1.15)

Main medication form (reference: no medication)

Oral medication only

2.16 (1.58-2.96)

1.61 (1.43-1.82)

1.53 (1.13-2.06)

Oral medication and insulin

3.46 (2.35-5.10)

1.15 (0.96-1.37)

3.24 (2.25-4.67)

Related comorbidity

Heart diseases

1.04 (0.76-1.44)

0.99 (0.85-1.15)

1.14 (0.85-1.53)

Stroke

1.90 (1.25-2.89)

0.76 (0.57-1.01)

2.92 (2.00-4.27)

Retinopathy

1.28 (0.37-4.50)

1.43 (0.73-2.82)

0.55 (0.14-2.18)

Nephropathy

1.34 (0.78-2.28)

0.88 (0.62-1.24)

1.65 (1.00-2.70)

Diabetic foot

1.01 (0.48-2.11)

0.88 (0.61-1.27)

1.21 (0.62-2.36)

Non-related comorbidity

Depression

1.50 (0.96-2.35)

1.03 (0.80-1.32)

1.72 (1.15-2.56)

Lung diseases

1.44 (1.04-1.98)

1.00 (0.85-1.18)

1.40 (1.03-1.89)

Musculoskeletal diseases

1.20 (0.94-1.55)

1.05 (0.94-1.17)

1.20 (0.95-1.51)

Neurological diseases

1.06 (0.45-2.49)

0.75 (0.46-1.22)

1.89 (0.91-3.91)

Cancer

1.34 (0.84-2.14)

0.80 (0.61-1.06)

1.84 (1.20-2.82)