Table 1 Existing approaches for measuring process orientation

McCormack [41]

Assess the degree at which an organization pays attention to its relevant (core) processes.

Management & Organization theory

Process View; Process Structure; Process Jobs;

No

Process Measurement & Management;

Customer-focused Process Values & Beliefs.

Andersson et al. [36]

Interpret work and information management in process-oriented healthcare organizations.

Information systems theory

Care activity;

Yes

Co-ordination activity;

Supply activity.

Reijers [48]

Determine an organizations’ PO prior to BPM system implementation.

Information systems theory

Organizational structure; Focus measurement;

No

Ownership management; Customer requirements.

Hammer [49]

Plan and execute process based transformation.

Management & Organization theory

Process enablers (5 elements);

No

Enterprise capabilities (4 elements).

Vera & Kuntz [28]

Assess the application of six organizational instruments that lead to a pronounced PO in hospitals.

Management & Organization theory

Process management (4 instruments);

Yes

Decentralization (2 instruments).

Gemmel et al. [40] (based on McCormack [41])

Assess the degree at which a hospital pays attention to its relevant (core) processes.

Management & Organization theory

Process View; Process Jobs;

Yes

Process Measurement & Management.

Kohlbacher & Gruenwald [35]

Measure the key dimensions of PO on the basis of PO constructs.

Multidimensional

Design & documentation of processes;

No

Management commitment towards PO;

Process owner role;

Process performance measurement;

Corporate culture in line with process approach;

Continuous process improvement methodologies;

Process-oriented organizational structure.