The association of smoking status with healthcare utilisation, productivity loss and resulting costs: results from the population-based KORA F4 study

Table 2 Probability of using medical services – results of logistic regression models – adjusted for age, sex, school education, alcohol consumption and physical activity

Parameter		Physician visit	Hospital treatment	Rehabilitation	Physical therapy^a	Alternative physician	Pharmaceuticals	Work absence^b	Disability benefits^c
		*Odds ratio*	*Odds ratio*	*Odds ratio*	*Odds ratio*	*Odds ratio*	*Odds ratio*	*Odds ratio*	*Odds ratio*
		*[95% CI]*	*[95% CI]*	*[95% CI]*	*[95% CI]*	*[95% CI]*	*[95% CI]*	*[95% CI]*	*[95% CI]*
Smoking status	Current smoker	0.69 *** [0.55–0.87]	0.99 [0.73–1.33]	0.85 [0.48–1.49]	0.75 ** [0.58–0.97]	0.66 * [0.41–1.07]	1.20 [0.94–1.54]	0.75 ** [0.56–0.99]	1.41 [0.73–2.71]
	Occasional smoker	0.68 [0.42–1.09]	0.88 [0.46–1.71]	0.90 [0.27–2.96]	0.76 [0.44–1.31]	0.60 [0.21–1.68]	1.22 [0.73–2.05]	1.03 [0.57–1.85]	2.25 [0.64–7.87]
	Former smoker	1.12 [0.94–1.34]	1.24 ** [1.01–1.52]	1.47 ** [1.04–2.09]	1.00 [0.83–1.19]	1.21 [0.89–1.64]	1.39 *** [1.14–1.68]	1.19 [0.94–1.52]	1.56 * [0.92–2.65]
	Never smoker	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00

n=3068 due to missing information on school education in three subjects.
*** significant at the 1% level/** significant at the 5% level/* trend with p≤0.10.
^an=3,067: four observations with missing information on physical therapy.
^bn=1,499: work absence only for persons with information on occupational status and age ≤65.
^cn=2,176: 22 observations with missing information on disability benefits.

ISSN: 1472-6963