Inequities in access to healthcare: analysis of national survey data across six Asia-Pacific countries

Meyer, Samantha B; Luong, Tini CN; Mamerow, Loreen; Ward, Paul R

doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-238

BMC Health Services Research

Table 7 Six binomial logistic regression models for dependent variable: cost

From: Inequities in access to healthcare: analysis of national survey data across six Asia-Pacific countries

Country	1. AU	2. HK	3. JP	4. KR	5. TW	6. TL
(Models for DV4)	1. AU	2. HK	3. JP	4. KR	5. TW	6. TL
Model fit χ² (df)	106.91 (20)***	121.19(13)***	99.37(13)***	102.49(15)***	76.75(9)***	29.28(8)***
N response/N total	912/1044 (87.4%)	665/674 (98.8%)	990/1000 (99%)	961/1006 (95.5%)	1081/1200 (90.1%)	1185/1200 (98.8%)
Nagelkerke R²	0.16	0.23	0.13	0.14	0.12	0.04
Independent variable	Waldχ ² (df) p OR*	Waldχ ² (df) p OR*	Waldχ ² (df) p*	Waldχ ² df) p*	Waldχ² (df) p*	Waldχ² (df) p*
	(95%CI)	(95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient
Sex	-	’	’		’	’
Male (ref)	1.00			1.00
Male (ref)	0			0
Female	12.82χ²(1)***	’	’	4.58χ²(1)*	’	’
	0.54 (0.38–0.76)			0.72 (0.54–0.97)
	−0.62			−0.33
Age	’	’	(20–29 ref)	’	’	15.90χ²(5)**
< 20 (ref)						1.00
< 20 (ref)						0
20–29	’	’	16.72χ²(4)**	’	’	’
			1.00
			0
30–39	’	’	’	’	’	’
40–49	’	’	’	’	’	’
50–59	’	’	’	’	’	’
60+	’	’	8.08χ²(1)**	’	’	’
			1.89 (1.22–2.94)
			0.64
Marital status	15.51(5)**	32.12(4)***	’	13.09χ²(4)**	’	’
Never married (ref)	1.00	1.00		1.00
Never married (ref)	0	0		0
Married	9.18(1)**	’	’	8.08χ²(1)**	’	’
	0.48 (0.30–0.77)			0.58 (0.40–0.85)
	−0.73			−0.54
Divorced	’	’	’	’	’	’
Widowed	’	20.12(1)***	’	7.02χ²(1)**	’	’
		19.81 (5.37–		0.38 (0.19–0.78)
		73.05)		−0.96
		2.97		−0.96
Separated	’	’	’	’	’	’
Cohabiting	9.23χ²(1)**	’	’	’	’	’
	0.38 (0.20–0.71)
	−0.98
Household monthly	9.72χ²(3)*	’	’	’	’	’
adjusted income quartile	1.00
4^th: quartile (ref)	0
1^st quartile	’	’	’	’	’	’
2^nd quartile	8.11χ²(1)**	’	’	’	’	’
	0.52 (0.33–0.81)
	−0.66
3^rd quartile	’	’	’	’	’	’
Work status	21.17χ²(6)**	58.00χ²(5)***	’	’	21.23χ²(6)**	’
Full-time	1.00	1.00			1.00
(ref)	0	0			0
Part-time	’	’	’	’	18.30χ²(1)***	’
					0.31 (0.18–0.53)
					−1.18
Self-employed	’	0.00χ²(1)	’	’	’	’
		- (not given)
		20.39***
Working for the family	’	’	’	’	’	’
Retired/pensioner	15.92χ²(1)***	49–38χ²(1)***	’	’	’	’
	3.32 (1.84–5.99)	0.12 (0.06–0.21)
	1.20	−2.15
Housewife/househusband	3.90χ²(1)*	’	’	’	’	’
	2.03 (1.01–4.08)
	0.71
Student/	’	’	’	’	’	’
Unemployed/
Other
Subjective health	6.28χ²(2)*	*Dissatisfied (ref)*	’	*Dissatisfied*	’	’
satisfaction	1.00	10.65χ²(2)**		*(ref)*
Unhappy	0	1.00		19.55χ²(2)***
		0		1.00
		0		0
Fair	’	*Average*	’	’	’	’
		5.95χ²(1)*
		2.41 (1.20–5.27)
		0.92
Happy	5.99χ²(1)*	*Satisfied*	’	*Satisfied*	’	’
	2.01 (1.15–3.50)	10.32χ²(1)**		16.00χ²(1)***
	−0.70	3.24(1.58–6.62)		2.68 (1.65–4.33)
	−0.70	1.17		0.98
Financial situation in last	18.19χ²(3)***	’	18.44χ²(3)***	12.54χ²(3)**	41.39χ(3)***	13.40χ²(3)**
year	1.00		1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Save money (ref)	0		0	0	0	0
Just get by	2.01χ²(1)*	’	’	’	24.47χ²(1)***	9.98χ²(10**)
	0.67 (0.45–0.99)				0.32 (0.21–0.51)	0.55 (0.38–0.80)
	−0.40				−1.13	−0.61
Spent some savings	’	’	11.76χ²(1)**	’	22.44χ²(1)***	7.46χ²(1)**
			0.53 (0.37–0.76)		0.25 (0.14–0.44)	0.45 (0.25–0.80)
			−0.64		−1.41	−0.80
Spent savings & borrowed	17.73χ²(1)***	’	12.50χ²(1)***	12.13χ²(1)***	33.38χ²(1)***	9.22χ²(1)**
money	0.31 (0.18–0.4)		0.38 (0.23–0.65)	0.32 (0.17–0.61)	0.16 (0.09–0.30)	0.48 (0.30–0.77)
money	−1.17		−0.96	−1.13	−1.83	0.48 (0.30–0.77)
Self-rated health	’	’	41.14χ²(4)***	’	’	’
Very good (ref)			1.00
Very good (ref)			0
Good	’	’	’	’	’	’
Fair	’	’	8.04χ²(1)**	’	’	’
			0.48 (0.29–0.80)
			−0.74
Bad	’	’	14.63χ²(1)***	’	’	’
			0.27 (0.14–0.53)
			−1.31
Very bad			2.44χ²(1)
			0.37 (0.11–1.29)
			−1.00
Whether respondent has	’	’	’	1.00	’	’
chronic health condition				0
Yes (ref)				0
No	’	’	’	χ2(1)=6.70*	’	’
				2.51 (1.25-5.04)

Ref: reference level, * p<.05; ** p<.01, *** p<.001.
* Levels too low in one item (widowed f=3; separated f=1).
** Levels too low in one item (separated f=4).
*** Levels too low in one item (self-employed f=7).

Back to article page

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com