Inequities in access to healthcare: analysis of national survey data across six Asia-Pacific countries

Meyer, Samantha B; Luong, Tini CN; Mamerow, Loreen; Ward, Paul R

doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-238

BMC Health Services Research

Table 4 Six binomial logistic regression models for dependent variable: distance

From: Inequities in access to healthcare: analysis of national survey data across six Asia-Pacific countries

Country	1. AU	2. HK	3. JP	4. KR	5. TW	6. TL
(Models for DV1)	1. AU	2. HK	3. JP	4. KR	5. TW	6. TL
Model fit χ² (df)	110.68 (15)**	55.69(6)***	52.00(8)***	39.94(5)***	34.96(14)**	78.43(13)***
N response/N total	1029/1044	641/674 (95.1%)	996/1000 (99.6%)	955/1006 (94.9%)	1089/1200 (90.8%)	1185/1200 (98.8%)
Nagelkerke R²	0.28	0.16	0.08	0.07	0.05	0.10
Independent Variable	Waldχ ² (df) p*	Waldχ ² (df) p*	Waldχ ² df) p*	Waldχ ² (df) p*	Waldχ ² (df) p*	Waldχ ² (df) p*
	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
	Coefficient b	Coefficient b	Coefficient b	Coefficient	Coefficient b	Coefficient b
Marital status	21.35 (5)**	”	’	’	11.17χ²(5)*
Never married (ref)	OR 1.00				OR 1.00
Never married (ref)	0				0
Married	14.69χ² (1)***	’	’	’	’	’
	0.26 (0.13–0.52)
	−1.34
Divorced	‘	’	’	’	8.83χ²(1)**	’
					0.34 (0.17–0.69)
					−1.07
Widowed	11.46χ² (1)**	’	’	’		’
	0.21 (0.08–0.52)
	−1.57
Separated	6.75χ² (1)**	’	’	’		’
	0.22 (0.07–0.70)
	−1.50
Cohabiting		’	’	’		’
Work status	’	’	’	’	13.73χ²(6)*	24.24χ²(6)***
Work status					1.00	1.00
Full-time (ref)					0	0
Part-time	’	’	’	’	5.76χ²(1)*	‘
					0.50 (0.28–0.88)
					−0.70
Self-employed	’	’	’	’	‘	.
Work for family	’	’	’	’	‘	12.92χ²(1)***
						0.47 (0.31–0.71)
						−0.76
Retired/	’	’	’	’	4.56χ²(1)*	‘
Pensioner					2.00 (1.06–3.77)
Pensioner					0.69
Housewife/	’	’	’	’	‘	10.24χ²(1)**
Househusband						0.42 (0.25–0.72)
Househusband						−0.86
Student/	’	’	’	’	‘	6.42χ²(1)*
Unemployed/						0.59 (0.40–0.89)
Other						−0.54
Subjective health	24.67χ² (2)***	’	*Dissatisfied (ref)*	’	’	*Dissatisfied (ref)*
Satisfaction	1.00		12.50χ²(2)**			7.54χ²(2)*
Unhappy (ref)	0		1.00			1.00
Unhappy (ref)	0		0			0
Average	14.36χ² (1)***	’	*Average*	’	’	’
	3.15 (1.74–5.69)		12.34χ²(1)***
	1.15		2.18 (1.41–3.37)
	1.15		0.54
Happy	24.52χ² (1)***	’	*Satisfied*	’	’	*Satisfied*
	3.91 (2.28–6.71)		5.32χ²(1)*			6.35χ²(1)*
	1.36		1.72 (1.09–2.72)			1.85 (1.15–2.98)
	1.36		0.54			0.61
Financial situation in	12.88χ² (3)**	21.52χ²(3)***	’	’	8.71χ²(3)*	18.71χ²(3)***
last year	1.00	1.00			1.00	1.00
Save money (ref)	0	0			0	0
Just get by	‘	’	’	’	’	15.38χ²(1)***
						0.49 (0.35–0.70)
						−0.71
Spent some savings	’	11.11χ²(1)**	’	’	5.82χ²(1)*	7.72χ²(1)**
		0.37 (0.20–0.66)			0.51 (0.29–0.88)	0.47 (0.27–0.82)
		−1.00			−0.68	−0.70
Spent savings &	11.87χ² (1)**	’	’	’	5.16χ²(1)*	13.80χ²(1)***
borrowed money	0.35 (0.19–0.63)				0.49 (0.26–0.91)	0.43 (0.27–0.67)
borrowed money	−1.06				−0.72	−0.85
Household annual or	(annual)	(monthly)	’	’	’	’
monthly adjusted	9.04χ² (3)*	16.18χ²(3)**
income quartile	1.00	1.00
4^th: quartile (ref)	0	0
1^st quartile	3.83χ² (1)*	14.99χ²(1)***	’	’	’	’
	0.55 (0.30–1.02)	0.27 (0.14–0.52)
	−0.59	−1.32
2^nd quartile	5.31χ² (1)*	’	’	’	’	’
	0.54 (0.32–0.93)
	−0.62
3^rd: quartile	’	’	’	’	’	’
Self-rated health	’	’	14.76χ²(4)**	22.13χ²(4)***	’	11.47χ²(4)*
Very good (ref)			1.00	1.00		1.00
Very good (ref)			0	0		0
Good	’	’	’	’		8.16χ²(1)**
						0.54 (0.35–0.82)
						−0.63
Fair	’	’	’	13.41χ²(1)***	’	10.29χ²(1)**
				0.43 (0.28–0.68_		0.47 (0.30–0.75)
				−0.84		−0.76
Bad	’	’	8.31χ²(1)**	’	’	4.99χ²(1)*
			0.31 (0.14–0.86)			0.44 (0.21–0.90)
			−1.19			−0.83
Very bad	’	’	’	6.79χ²(1)**	’	’
				0.25 (0.09–0.71)
				−1.38
Whether respondent has	’	’	’	–	’	’
chronic health				1.00
condition				0
Yes (ref)				0
No	’	’	’	6.99(1)**	’	’
No	’	’	’	3.34 (1.37–8.18)	’	’
				1.21

Ref: reference level, * p<.05; ** p<.01, *** p<.001.

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