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Table 3 Distribution of household income and health care payments by income quintiles, concentration index (CI), and Kakwani index

From: New evidence on financing equity in China's health care reform - A case study on Gansu province, China

Year

Area

Income quintiles

Household income

General taxes

Public health insurancea

Private health insurance

OOP

Overall

2002

Urban (A)

Q1 Poorest

5.51%

5.58%

1.94%

1.39%

4.92%

 
  

Q2

9.78%

9.90%

4.70%

3.37%

8.19%

 
  

Q3

14.74%

14.77%

14.42%

15.14%

13.71%

 
  

Q4

21.74%

21.64%

30.87%

27.06%

20.62%

 
  

Q5 Richest

48.23%

48.11%

48.08%

53.04%

52.56%

 
  

Gini/CI (SE)

0.4256* (0.0112)

0.4232* (0.0113)

0.4998* (0.0263)

0.5110 (0.0597)

0.4711* (0.0317)

 
  

Kakwani

-

−0.0024** (0.0005)

0.0742* (0.0297)

0.0854 (0.0613)

0.0455* (0.0286)

0.0431

  

(SE)

      
  

Weight

 

0.1722

0.1716

0.0229

0.6333

1

  

Dominance test

 

D+

X

D-

None

 
 

Rural (B)

Q1 Poorest

5.59%

5.85%

10.40%

8.34%

5.51%

 
  

Q2

10.25%

10.97%

7.62%

2.43%

9.07%

 
  

Q3

14.29%

15.39%

10.69%

5.74%

11.17%

 
  

Q4

18.39%

18.90%

23.98%

21.62%

18.67%

 
  

Q5 Richest

51.48%

48.88%

47.31%

61.87%

55.57%

 
  

Gini/CI (SE)

0.4541* (0.0446)

0.4260* (0.0420)

0.3926 (0.1322)

0.5350 (0.0985)

0.4989* (0.0495)

 
  

Kakwani

-

−0.0281** (0.0060)

−0.0615 (0.1397)

0.0810 (0.1085)

0.0448* (0.0295)

0.0148

  

(SE)

      
  

Weight

 

0.1722

0.1716

0.0229

0.6333

1

  

Dominance test

 

D+

None

None

None

 

2007

Urban (C)

Q1 Poorest

7.42%

8.11%

3.84%

5.68%

5.90%

 
  

Q2

12.14%

12.40%

10.34%

7.18%

11.51%

 
  

Q3

16.98%

17.14%

17.49%

22.57%

16.24%

 
  

Q4

23.69%

23.75%

25.53%

33.79%

23.05%

 
  

Q5 Richest

39.77%

38.60%

42.79%

30.78%

43.30%

 
  

Gini/CI (SE)

0.3256** (0.0044)

0.3078** (0.0044)

0.3917* (0.0105)

0.3345 (0.0598)

0.3743* (0.0270)

 
  

Kakwani

-

−0.0177** (0.0039)

0.0661* (0.0107)

0.0089 (0.0598)

0.0488* (0.0249)

0.0351

  

(SE)

      
  

Weight

 

0.2453

0.2339

0.0365

0.4843

1

  

Dominance test

 

D+

D-

None

None

 
 

Rural (D)

Q1 Poorest

7.40%

7.68%

13.37%

1.08%

6.76%

 
  

Q2

12.17%

12.54%

14.89%

4.68%

10.87%

 
  

Q3

16.29%

16.32%

17.40%

10.02%

17.31%

 
  

Q4

22.50%

22.33%

22.63%

25.14%

24.57%

 
  

Q5 Richest

41.64%

41.13%

31.71%

59.08%

40.49%

 
  

Gini/CI (SE)

0.3402** (0.0066)

0.3305** (0.0069)

0.1966* (0.0394)

0.5936 (0.0673)

0.3488* (0.0234)

 
  

Kakwani

-

−0.0097** (0.0036)

−0.1436* (0.0394)

0.2534 (0.0672)

0.0086* (0.0223)

−0.0226

  

(SE)

      
  

Weight

 

0.2453

0.2339

0.0365

0.4843

1

  

Dominance test

 

D+

D+

D-

None

 

Inequality difference

Δ(urban–rural)

2002 (A-B)

-

0.0257

0.1357

0.0045

0.0007

0.0283

  

Dominance test

 

None

None

None

None

 
  

2007 (C-D)

-

−0.0080

0.2097

−0.2445

0.0402

0.0576

  

Dominance test

 

None

D-

None

None

 
 

Δ(2007–2002)

Urban (C-A)

-

−0.0153

−0.0081

−0.0765

0.0033

−0.0080

  

Dominance test

 

D+

D+

None

D+

 
  

Rural (D-B)

-

0.0184

−0.0821

0.1724

−0.0362

−0.0374

  

Dominance test

 

D+

D+

None

None

 
  1. * Significant at 0.05.
  2. ** Significant at 0.01.
  3. a Public health insurance in urban areas refers exclusively to BMI, and refers solely to NCMS in rural areas.
  4. X indicates rejection of the null hypothesis that curves are indistinguishable in favor of curves crossing at the 5 percent significance level.
  5. None indicates failure to reject the null hypothesis that curves are indistinguishable at the 5 percent significance level.
  6. +/− indicates concentration curve dominates (is dominated by) the Lorenz curve or concentration curve in one year or area and dominates (is dominated by) the other in another year or area.
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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