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Table 3 Demographic, clinical and comorbid factors contribution to cost of care

From: Predicting costs of care in heart failure patients

  

Adjusted % change in costs over 12 months post-index date: All Patients (Accounting for loss to follow-up, costs recorded as zero post death)

Adjusted change in costs over 12 months post-index date: Survivors (Includes patients who did not die; Accounting for loss to follow-up)

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) of death over 12 months post-index

Demographics

 Age (years)

 

estimate

CI

estimate

CI

HR

CI

 

20-59

81.70%

(43.8% to 119.7%)

24.62%

(4.04% to 45.20%)

0.38

(0.27 to 0.53)

 

60-64

85.60%

(44.8% to 126.3%)

31.74%

(9.90% to 53.58%)

0.37

(0.25 to 0.55)

 

65-69

95.40%

(55.5% to 135.3%)

38.45%

(16.91% to 59.98%)

0.38

(0.26 to 0.54)

 

70-74

75.80%

(41.9% to 109.7%)

30.56%

(11.53% to 49.60%)

0.48

(0.36 to 0.64)

 

75-79

69.60%

(38.4% to 100.8%)

30.10%

(12.24% to 47.96%)

0.54

(0.42 to 0.71)

 

80-84

24.90%

(0.4% to 49.4%)

19.94%

(2.96% to 26.93%)

0.81

(0.64 to 1.02)

 

85 years and over (reference)

      

 Gender

 

male (reference)

      
 

Female

−14.80%

(−24.0% to −5.6%)

−12.74%

(20.21% to −5.27%)

1.09

(0.92 to 1.30)

 Race

 

white (reference)

      
 

non-white

−0.10%

(−22.1% to 21.9%)

3.48%

(−14.58% to 21.54%)

1.33

(0.90 to 1.97)

Clinical findings and measurements

 BMI (kg/m2)

 

<25

−11.00%

(−26.7% to 4.6%)

13.16%

(−2.11% to 28.43%)

1.78

(1.31 to 2.42)

 

25-34

−0.40%

(−13.4% to 12.6%)

4.52%

(−6.61% to 15.66%)

1.24

(0.94 to 1.63)

 

>=35 (reference)

      

 Smoking Status

 

current smoker

−24.80%

(−37.9% to −11.8%)

−21.58%

(−32.74% to −10.41%)

1.28

(0.96 to 1.70)

 

never or former smoker (reference)

      

 Systolic blood pressure (mm/hg)

 

<120

−8.00%

(−20.3% to4.3%)

4.29%

(−6.38% to 14.97%)

1.41

(1.14 to 1.74)

 

120-140

−10.10%

(−20.5% to 0.2%)

−2.40%

(−11.08% to 6.29%)

1.26

(1.03 to 1.55)

 

>140 (reference)

      

 Hemoglobin

 

<11gm/dl

−20.10%

(−36.7% to −3.6%)

33.27%

(14.18% to 52.37%)

2.08

(1.70 to 2.53)

 

>= 11gm/dl (reference)

      

 Renal function* (ml/min/1.73m2)

 

>=60

24.60%

(−10.1% to 59.4%)

−44.73%

(−54.85% to −34.61%)

0.35

(0.27 to 0.45)

 

45-60

38.10%

(−1.6% to 77.8%)

−36.75%

(−48.68% to −24.81%)

0.40

(0.30 to 0.52)

 

30-45

24.70%

(−12.8% to 62.1%)

−31.49%

(−44.97% to −18.01%)

0.57

(0.44 to 0.74)

 

<30 (reference)

      

 Ejection fraction on echocardiogram(%)

 

>65

52.70%

(1.5% to 103.4%)

−3.00%

(−26.81% to 20.81%)

0.43

(0.29 to 0.64)

 

51-65

50.70%

(7.1% to 94.3%)

−15.37%

(−33.47% to 2.74%)

0.36

(0.27 to 0.49)

 

41-50

44.70%

(0.3% to 89.0%)

−14.80%

(−34.20% to 4.60%)

0.39

(0.27 to 0.56)

 

31-40

47.10%

(2.1% to 92.0%)

−16.09%

(−35.00% to 2.82%)

0.37

(0.26 to 0.53)

 

21-30

50.50%

(4.3% to 96.8%)

−5.38%

(−26.83% to 16.07%)

0.44

(0.31 to 0.64)

 

1-20 (reference)

      

 Posterior wall thickness on echocardiogram (mm)

 

<11

9.70%

(−2.0% to 21.4%)

9.83%

(69.90% to 18.96%)

1.10

(0.92 to 1.30)

 

>=11 (reference)

      

Comorbid diagnoses

 Atrial fibrillation

yes

15.30%

(3.1% to 27.6%)

26.75%

(16.72% to 36.79%)

1.08

(0.91 to 1.27)

 

no (reference)

      

 Aortic valvular disease

yes

0.40%

(−10.5% to 11.3%)

9.25%

(35.73% to 18.14%)

1.22

(1.03 to 1.44)

 

no (reference)

      

 Coronary artery disease

yes

13.90%

(1.9% to 26.0%)

19.86%

(10.19% to 29.53%)

1.09

(0.91 to 1.31)

 

no (reference)

      

 Chronic lung disease

yes

29.20%

(16.3% to 42.0%)

44.95%

(33.82% to 56.08%)

1.25

(1.06 to 1.47)

 

no (reference)

      

 Depression

yes

36.20%

(18.6% to 53.8%)

64.00%

(48.85% to 79.16%)

1.31

(1.08 to 1.58)

 

no (reference)

      

 Diabetes

yes

37.80%

(22.5% to 53.0%)

64.82%

(51.37% to 78.26%)

1.38

(1.16 to 1.65)

 

no (reference)

      

 Hypothyroidism

yes

1.40%

(−13.1% to 15.8%)

21.20%

(9.36% to 33.05%)

1.25

(1.02 to 1.52)

 

no (reference)

      

 Hyperlipidemia

yes

21.40%

(8.4% to 34.4%)

14.35%

(5.11% to 23.60%)

0.87

(0.73 to 1.04)

 

no (reference)

      

 Peripheral vascular disease

yes

13.20%

(−4.0% to 30.3%)

37.31%

(23.46% to 51.16%)

1.33

(1.10 to 1.62)

 

no (reference)

      

 Stroke

yes

−0.80%

(−19.0% to 17.4%)

19.08%

(4.99% to 33.16%)

1.37

(1.10 to 1.71)

 

no (reference)

      

 Transient ischemic attack

yes

18.00%

(−5.4% to 41.5%)

4.44%

(−11.27% to 20.16%)

0.84

(0.63 to 1.14)

 

no (reference)