From: Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture in hospitals
 | Patient Safety Grade | Number of Events Reported | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Poor or Failing | Acceptable | Excellent/Very Good |  | No event reports | 1 to 5 event reports | >5 events reported |
 | Sig. | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Sig. | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety | a,b,c | 3.00 (0.84) | 3.39 (0.69) | 3.82 (0.62) | Â | 3.71 (0.67) | 3.70 (0.67) | 3.72 (0.72) |
Organizational Learning-Continuous Improvement | a,b,c | 3.26 (0.93) | 3.72 (0.63) | 4.04 (0.56) | c | 3.93 (0.62) | 3.96 (0.58) | 4.02 (0.62) |
Teamwork Within Hospital Units | a,b,c | 3.37 (0.88) | 3.75 (0.66) | 4.14 (0.57) | Â | 4.02 (0.65) | 4.04 (0.59) | 4.04 (0.68) |
Communication Openness | a,b,c | 2.88 (0.92) | 3.33 (0.86) | 3.76 (0.80) | b,c | 3.62 (0.87) | 3.65 (0.81) | 3.77 (0.87) |
Feedback and Communication About Errors | a,b,c | 2.88 (1.09) | 3.51 (0.87) | 4.12 (0.76) | a,b,c | 3.90 (0.88) | 3.97 (0.81) | 4.08 (0.81) |
Non-punitive Response to Error | b,c | 2.42 (0.91) | 2.46 (0.76) | 2.66 (0.79) | b,c | 2.58 (0.78) | 2.62 (0.78) | 2.74 (0.89) |
Staffing | a,b,c | 2.41 (0.80) | 2.65 (0.68) | 2.97 (0.75) | Â | 2.89 (0.77) | 2.91 (0.73) | 2.89 (0.76) |
Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety | a,b,c | 3.04 (0.97) | 3.62 (0.71) | 4.14 (0.65) | Â | 4.00 (0.72) | 4.00 (0.71) | 3.97 (0.83) |
Hospital Handoffs and Transitions | a,b,c | 2.80 (0.76) | 3.03 (0.76) | 3.49 (0.76) | b,c | 3.40 (0.80) | 3.34 (0.76) | 3.19 (0.82) |
Teamwork Across Hospital Units | a,b,c | 2.64 (0.69) | 3.09 (0.67) | 3.56 (0.68) | b | 3.44 (0.73) | 3.42 (0.68) | 3.34 (0.77) |