Relative size of effect | Predictor |
---|---|
Strong | |
â—‹ Low birth weight [10, 12, 13, 19, 20, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32] | |
Moderate | |
Weak | |
â—‹ Maternal warmth [30] | |
â—‹ Maternal sensitivity [56] | |
â—‹ Punitive parenting [30] | |
â—‹ Television viewing [37] | |
â—‹ Early hospitalization [29] | |
Mixed | â—‹ Race/ethnicity [12, 15, 20, 24, 29, 32] (mostly strong, but weak or not significant in multivariate adjustment) |
â—‹ Family size [24, 31, 32] (two studies are moderate to strong, one study not accounting for family structure is mixed) | |
â—‹ Prenatal alcohol exposure [20] (mixed-weak to moderate for reading & NS for math) | |
Other potentially important factors in the literature | â—‹ Sociodemographics: parental literacy, parental health literacy, birth intervals, immigrant status, English proficiency, parental employment |
â—‹ Prenatal/childhood medical problems: | |
   ■Health care: age-appropriate pediatric care, age-appropriate immunizations | |
   ■Nutritional deficits: failure to thrive, underweight, iron deficiency | |
   ■Early special medical care/chronic conditions: visual ability, ear infections, low APGAR | |
   ■Development: early language and literacy skills, cognitive ability, developmental disability, motor skills, deafness, speech defects | |
â—‹ Behavior and personality characteristics: internalizing and externalizing behavior, social functioning, attention, self-regulation, affect, temperament | |
â—‹ Social environment | |
   ■Prenatal environment: maternal mental health, unintended pregnancy | |
   ■Home environment: lead exposure, family conflict, number of books, reading to children | |
   ■Parenting: attachment, developmental and educational expectations, exposure to speech | |
   ■Child care: type, provider ratio, provider education, classroom features, accreditation, hours | |
â—‹ Neighborhood conditions: poverty, affluence, male joblessness, safety |