ā Strategic planning of services to ensure equity of provision [27, 28] |
ā End-of-life care provision for non-malignant diseases [21, 25] |
ā Training regarding services and the referrals pathway for physicians who are not palliative care or cancer specialists [21, 26ā28] |
ā Recruitment of staff from minority ethnic groups and the implementation of equal opportunity policies [21, 25, 29] |
ā Provision of interpretation and advocacy services [25ā28, 30]* |
ā Training of interpreters and advocates in EoL care issues [25] |
ā Awareness raising of services among minority ethnic groups using appropriate methods [21, 28, 30]* |
ā Provision of information concerning services in appropriate languages and formats [25ā28] |
ā Understanding that a preference for home care should not be assumed and that all options must be explained [29] |
ā Support for carers [25] |
ā Understanding of the EoL care needs in care homes [28, 29] |
ā Attendance of religious and spiritual needs, preferably by a multi-faith chaplaincy service [25] |
ā The provision of space and time for religious practices to be carried out [30]* |
ā The provision of special dietary requirements on a case by case basis [25] |
ā Involvement of minority ethnic groups in the planning of services and outreach [23, 25, 28] |
ā Recognition that categorising people by ethnicity alone can lead to stereotyping [20, 24, 30]* |
ā Recognition that cultural needs form only one part of an individual's EoL needs [19, 20, 24, 28, 30]* |
ā Sensitivity regarding the involvement of patients' families in decision-making and disclosure [19, 20, 22, 25] |
ā Training in care that is sensitive to cultural difference [23ā25, 28, 29, 48] |
ā Training in: communication issues (verbal and non-verbal) [19, 24ā26]; the use of interpreters [25]; awareness of the multiple disadvantages faced by minority ethnic groups [20, 24, 28]; information concerning 'attitudes, values, beliefs and norms' of minority ethnic groups [22]; and, countering the belief that services are unsuitable for minority ethnic groups [21, 23] |
ā Training at under-graduate and post-graduate level [25] and to both generalists and specialists [27] |
ā Extra funding for training, interpretation and awareness raising [28] |
ā Rigorous ethnic monitoring of service users and services reviewed using data [20, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30]* |