Table 1 Summary of the reasons for withdrawing or changing partnerships within the PCCNs

1. working time required by the PCCNs

2. competency of clinics (physicians) in PCCNs:

system establishment, network connection, information infrastructure, uploading data to the BNHI, computer operation, and shortage of labor to deal with the administrative work

Network factors

1. clinic-to-clinic collaborative relationships deterred:

diverse positions (parties), clinical service redundancy

2. clinic-to-hospital collaborative relationships deterred:

too many demands from hospital partners, few resource supports from hospital partners, large geographical distances between hospital and clinic partners

Community factors

1. health policy design incompatibility

time needed to establish patient-physician relationships

2. effectiveness of physician-hospital collaboration