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Table 3 Changes in intermediate outcomes

From: Application of a theoretical model to evaluate COPD disease management

Indicator

Baseline

(Mean ± SD)

12 months

(Mean ± SD)

Change

(95% CI)

p-value

Psycho-social mediators †

    

Initiative beliefs (scale 1-6)

4.04 (± 0.74)

4.10 (± 0.77)

0.06 (-0.06; 0.18)

0.335

Investment beliefs (scale 1-6)

4.13 (± 0.76)

4.24 (± 0.74)

0.10 (0.01; 0.20)

0.049

Self-efficacy †

    

Self-efficacy (scale 1-6)

4.24 (± 0.74)

4.23 (± 0.78)

-0.01 (-0.11; 0.10)

0.865

Knowledge on COPD †

    

Subjective knowledge (scale 1-5)

2.84 (± 0.84)

3.22 (± 0.82)

0.38 (0.24; 0.51)

0.000

Objective knowledge (scale 1-10)

4.49 (± 2.10)

4.92 (± 2.03)

0.43 (0.16; 0.69)

0.002

Behaviour

    

Smoking status* (% smoking)

23%

22%

1%

0.180

Medication compliance† (scale 1-5)

4.41 (± 0.63)

4.58 (± 0.58)

0.17 (0.05; 0.28)

0.003

Physical activity† (scale 1-5)

2.80 (± 0.54)

2.85 (± 0.53)

0.05 (-0.02; 0.12)

0.167

  1. * Negative change means improvement; † Positive change means improvement