General Practitioners' preferences and use of educational media: a German perspective

Background Several studies suggest that General Practitioners (GPs) prefer "traditional" media such as journals or quality circles when they are seeking out different options to meet their continuing medical education (CME) requirements. A survey was designed in order to gain a better understanding of German General Practitioners' preferences for different forms of educational media that will meet their CME needs. Methods Four hundred and forty nine (N = 449) German physicians were contacted to take part in this study on the occasion of one of their quality circle meetings. The participating physicians received a standardized 26-item-questionnaire that surveyed their preferences for different forms of educational media. A factor analysis was performed in order to determine whether the observed variables can be explained largely or entirely in terms of the underlying patterns. Results Two hundred and sixty-four physicians with an average age of 51.1 years participated (28.5% female, 71.5% male). We found that GPs favor learning environments such as: journals, colleagues, and quality circles. New media like the internet was used less often for their learning activities, even though the usage of the internet in general was quite high. The most important requirements for media in medical education as perceived by the participants were its relevancy for daily practice and dependability. Conclusion Despite a growing use of the Internet it seems that German GPs favor "classical/traditional" settings for their learning activities. These results should be taken into consideration when planning CME or CPD programs or other learning activities. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN36550981.


Background
In the context of medical care recent, significant developments in the areas of technology, therapy and new forms of medical treatment ask for a timely diffusion of available evidence on interventions. Thus the translation of knowledge into practice is essential in order to maintain and increase the quality of daily practice [1]. As a consequence, health professionals such as General Practitioners (GPs) have to ensure that their knowledge and skills are up to date. Since the early Eighties, a number of studies and reviews have demonstrated the positive influence continuing medical education (CME) has on a physicians' knowledge and competence [2][3][4]. Over the same period of time, peer review groups and quality circles (QCs) have formed, i.e. regional meetings of GPs including specialists in order to discuss both clinical topics and new developments in politics and funding. The first QCs of GPs in Germany were founded in 1991/92 to help GPs tackle problems of quality management in the patients' daily care. Today, the participation of German GPs in QCs is mandatory in order to be part of most of the governmental funded disease management programs or to be part of model projects and initiatives from health insurers. Hence, nearly 50% of all German GPs are now organized in QCs [5]. Parallel to this process, CME was rendered mandatory for GPs in Germany in January 2004, which is still well behind other international trends where a recognizable shift from "continuing medical education" (CME) to "continuing professional development" (CPD) has been observed [6][7][8]. In CME/CPD, the application of new information technologies is recommended in order to have a lasting impact on the physicians' working environment and their learning behaviors [9][10][11].
The design of a unified strategy to apply the relatively new tools of e-learning in medicine has proved to be a challenge for both users and content creators [12]. To optimize the choices involved, it is necessary to survey the physicians, their needs and to identify the underlying learning types and preferences of GPs in daily practice [9,13].
To identify relevant publications on this topic, we carried out searches on Medline and other Internet research sites, using the terms "media", "preferences", and "physicians". We found a few articles which give relevant information about the (learning media) preferences of physicians respectively GPs. Table 1 provides an overview of the methodologies and key results of these articles. Data from older surveys showed that family physicians indicated colleagues most often as information sources, followed by journals and books [14,15]. This outcome corresponded with results in other professions [14].
With respect to the German health care system answers to these questions were initially obtained by a pilot-survey with 72 GPs conducted in 2001 [16]. Results indicated that GPs in Germany at that time preferred traditional learning environments like "journals", "colleagues" and "quality circles". Only 21% of the participating GPs used the internet for educational activities, which was less than their use for consulting pharmaceutical representatives (28%). Six years later their preferences remained relatively stable [17].
While the usage of the internet by ambulatory care physicians has increased from 54% (2001) to 82% (2007), it still is unclear if the preferred method of learning has also changed [18]. Thus, to study the primary care physicians' actual preferences for different educational media, we conducted a survey of German office-based general practitioners with a larger sample size, which allowed us to gather more information about the utilization, efficacy and suggested requirements for different forms of educational media. Additionally, we carried out a factor analysis of the survey items in order to get a better understanding of the different learning types and behavioral patterns of the physicians who participated in this study.

Participants
Survey data for this study were collected as part of the WIDA-trial (registered in Current Controlled Trials [ISRCTN36550981]). WIDA is the German acronym for "knowledge transfer for dementia in General Practice" [19]. To get a sufficient number of participants for the cluster-randomized WIDA-trial, a total of 169 quality circles (QCs) originally were asked to take part in this study ( Figure 1). Of those, 26 QCs agreed to participate and the GPs in the QCs were randomly assigned to one of the two methods. At the first meeting of the WIDA-study, where GPs were asked for their informed consent, all physicians were asked to fill out a questionnaire about learning media preferences (including the GPs who refused to participate in the WIDA-trial). GPs who had previously agreed to take part in our study were handed out a standardized 26-item-questionnaire (N = 449). Two hundred and sixty-four physicians completed the questionnaire (response rate: 58.8%, Figure 1). The questionnaire covered the following topics (see Table 2 and Table 3 for a complete item list): • Utilization of educational media (8 items, using a 3point ordinal scale with the scoring options: 0 = "never", 1 = "sometimes", and 2 = "often") • Efficacy of educational media (8 items, using a 3-point ordinal scale with the scoring options: 0 = "little", 1 = "medium", and 2 = "high") • Requirements for educational media (10 items using a 3-point ordinal scale with the scoring options: 0 = "unimportant", 1 = "less important", and 2 = "very important").
The questionnaire was completed with general items on socio-medical demographic information such as age, gender, year of examination, internet usage.

Statistical analysis
As mentioned, we used two levels of statistical analysis in this study: (1) a micro, or item-wise level concentrating on the exploratory analysis for the items concerned with the use of educational media and (2) a macro level to discover patterns within the relationships among the items. Both macro-and micro-level analysis are used to accomplish the objective of obtaining valid information on the utilization and perceived requirements for educational media. For the macro level we performed a factor analysis on the relevant items using a principal component analysis with a varimax rotation, to determine whether the observed variables can be explained largely or entirely in terms of underlying patterns. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha was calculated as an indicator of the internal consistency of the scales. Finally, item values were summed and then transformed into a 0-100 scale, where higher scores indicated greater levels of agreement. To classify the GPs into different learning types we assigned them to the category where they scored highest.
Statistical analysis of the sample for both levels included descriptive statistics giving item percentages or subscale means with confidence intervals of 95%. To determine the correlation between the subscales, we calculated the Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Due to the exploratory character of the study dichotomous subgroups of survey participants were tested using the Mann-Whitney-U-Test for independent samples for continuous variables (i.e. subscales). We judged p < 0.05 to be significant, and p > 0.05 -0.10 as a trend. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 15.01.

Results
Of the 264 respondents, 28.5% were female and 71.5% were male. The average age of the sample was 51.1 (± 7.1) years, ranging in age from 30 to 68 years; 154 of the physicians were GPs, 76 were internists mainly working in primary care and 12 physicians were in other specialties. A comprehensive overview of demographic data for the participating physicians is provided in Table 4.

Internet access and utilization
Eleven of the participating physicians (4.4%) had no internet access; all of the others had internet access at their practice, their home or both (Table 4). Sixty three physicians (25.8%) used the internet less than once a week, while 74 (31.1%) used it on a daily basis (Table 4).  Response and return rates of GPs Figure 1 Response and return rates of GPs.

Utilization and efficacy
For their learning activities the general practitioners most frequently used quality circles (75.6%), followed by journals (64.1%), and then colleagues (58.8%). These educational media were also valued with regard to their learning-efficacy. The internet, pharmaceutical representatives, and the university representatives were used less and were also less valued than other approaches to meet their learning needs. There were significant correlations between utilization and efficacy for every item (p < 0.01, Table 2).

Factor analysis
When analyzing the utilization of learning media, we found a stable 3-factor-model. The cumulative variance explained by this model was 48.7%. With a value of Cronbach's alpha of 0.6 the internal consistency of the 8-item pool can be regarded as acceptable for descriptive purposes [20]. The resulting factors describe three different types of users: The first factor with two items comprising the items internet and books describes the more intrinsic motivated user, who was learning on his/her own. Factor 2 consists of the 3 items journals (r = 0.66), quality circles (r = 0.63), and colleagues (r = 0.61). The items for this factor are more equal in respect to their factorial values and according to Wolf et al. (1986) they can be described as collegial interaction [21]. The remaining items lead to factor 3 which is polar to the first factor. It describes the more extrinsic oriented physician who likes to meet university representatives and pharmaceutical representatives and also joins in at conferences. Correlational analysis of the scales did not yield relationships between them, showing the factors were independent (Table 5).
A second factor analysis was carried out for the items dealing with requirements on educational media ( Table 6). The cumulative variance explained by this model was 49.4%. Again, with a value of Cronbach's alpha value of 0.6, the internal consistency of the 10-item pool was sufficient [20].
The first factor derived in this analysis comprised the following four items: problem based interactive, graphical material, and German language. All of them describe the didactic quality of the educational media and thus the factor is named accordingly. The second factor summarizes the items relevant to practice, reliable, and concise which com- prise the suitability of educational media in daily practice. The last factor describes the efficacy of educational media and consists of the two items fast and cost-effective. Correlation analysis between the scales showed a clear independence of the factors (correlation coefficient r between -0.09 and 0.251). Although some of the items showed differences within age and internet usage in particular, the Mann-Whitney-U-Test did not find any significant changes in the subscale median with respect to the sociodemographic parameters such as gender, type of practice, internet access, and internet usage. The factor suitability contained the items which were also the highest ranked ones, resulting in subscale means greater than 90.0 for all of the parameters. The other two factors showed a greater variability within the social demographic subgroups of our sample. Regarding didactic quality we found high values in physicians who used the internet less than once a week (scale value 59.0) whereas the lowest values were obtained from physicians using the internet quite frequently (scale value 45.6 from those physicians who used the internet 4-6 times a week). In the same subgroup however the efficacy was valued in a proportionally opposite manner to the didactic quality: those participants who used the internet quite often also had higher demands on efficacy of learning media (mean scale values 72.1 and 75.8) than those who did not use the internet that often (mean scale value 65.0). Efficacy was ranked highest with the small group of physicians working in a hospital based environment (mean scale value 81.3).

Discussion
Learning media preferences of GPs are an important topic within the research agenda on knowledge translation. Our descriptive survey provides a comprehensive analysis of the GPs preferences for educational media and we could predict that German general practitioners in general favor the "classical" learning environments such as: journals, colleagues, and quality circles. The so called new media like the internet were less used and less valued for educational activities, even though the usage of the internet in general was quite high. This finding is supported by other studies [18,22].
With respect to the GPs' preferences regarding utilization, the factor analysis was able to identify three different types of learners: the intrinsic, the extrinsic and the collegial or interactive learner. The first two types have already been described in other learning environments such as second language learning [23,24]. The third type collegial and interactive was described for the first time in the work of Wolf and colleagues [21]. Our data suggests that about 70% of the physicians want to exchange ideas and discuss actual trends with colleagues collegial and interactive rather than to meet experts extrinsic or to read a book intrinsic. An Factor loadings > 0.5 are marked bold explanation for this high fraction might be that our survey was conducted with GPs participating in quality circles, where collegial interaction is a desirable and quite common characteristic.
For the GPs preferences regarding their media requirements, the factor analysis revealed three "factors": didactic quality, suitability, and efficacy. For those physicians who used the Internet frequently efficacy was most important, whereas for GPs who used the Internet only marginally, didactic quality was more relevant. Due to the descriptive nature of the factor analysis further studies are necessary in order to confirm the discovered types and to explore this field in more detail. Also, the three point scale used in this study could be hypothesized to be too short to optimize the variation [25]. This might be the reason why factor analyses resulted in poor solutions of less than 50% of the total variance. Future work with this instrument should improve the scale's psychometric properties i.e. by using a 5-point Likert scale or a truly continuous scale.

Limitations
Considering a possible setting bias, it has to be mentioned that data were collected during a QC session where GPs were asked to participate both in a clinical trial on dementia (the WIDA-trial) and -independently -in this survey [19]. This may explain the relative positive appraisal for the usage and efficacy of quality circles. Having in mind that every second German GP is organized in QCs, the potential for a serious bias is within reasonable limits. Anyhow, it has to be taken into account that of 169 QCs, only 26 (15%) agreed to participate and only 264 GPs out of 449 responded. Even with a slightly older study population and a lower percentage of women than the GP population as a whole, there is still a considerable agreement with the available demographic normative data regarding office-based physicians in Germany [26].
We used a convenience sampling method which means that every GP during a QC session of the WIDA-trial were asked to fill out the questionnaire for this survey. This setting was chosen to reach a large number of GPs, considering the fact that the response rate in postal questionnaires is often unsatisfactory [27].
Again, these results are comparable to samples in other studies [16][17][18]28], although these studies used a different setting, e.g. the study of Butzlaff et al. passed out the questionnaires to the GPs during peer educational outreach visits [16]. Our findings are also supported by Brown and colleagues: in their survey, journal articles, as well as local grand rounds and regional meetings (authors note: comparable to QCs) were the most preferred CME-media [29]. The low appraisal of meetings with pharmaceutical representatives could be an effect of social desirability -it is a topic of current discussion in both national and international medical journals [30,31]. However, another survey of a representative sample of GPs in Germany found a higher frequency of contacts with pharmaceutical representatives [18]. Despite these limitations our results should be taken into consideration when planning learning activities for practicing GPs, because CME/CPD programs could be more effective if they used the preferred learning media.

Internet, e-learning, and CME
Recently published studies demonstrated that e-learning could have a major impact on knowledge transfer and changes in learning behavior [9,[32][33][34]. Other authors were very optimistic about the use of new technology for CME activities [35,36]. From the GPs' preferences we were able to show that new media does not seem to play an important role in the learning/educational activities of German GPs. Independent of individual learning types, barriers to the use of the internet for CME still exist. Contrary to Wall et al. (2005) we found no significant differences between participation in Internet CME and other demographic or office characteristics. Recent studies suggest that the limited computer literacy of GPs might be responsible for these findings [16,34,35]. However, in our survey nearly 75% of the GPs used the Internet at least once a week, but they did not use it regularly for CME activities. These findings are in accordance with other study findings [18,22,37,38]. There are many potential reasons for this: even though many CME-websites exist, the usability of some sites is not sufficient. The quality of the content is also very heterogeneous [37]. On the other hand GPs seem to be very "traditional" which means that they rarely changed their previously gained learning preferences [17,[38][39][40].
Sargeant and colleagues added two other aspects: The first was the capacity of on-line CME to meet individual learning preferences, which, in turn, was influenced by the quality of the program, the degree of self-pacing or selfdirection, opportunity for reflection, and educational design. The second was the quality and quantity of interpersonal interaction, which was shaped by perceptions of social comfort, the educational value of interactions, and the role of the facilitator [41].
Another reason for these results could be the disconnection between online CME developers and the educators, comparable to the misunderstanding between the producers of knowledge and practicing GP suggested by Beaulieu et al. [42,43]. A first step to overcome this gap is to discuss this with both the developers and the users of E-Learning environments [44]. Further -particularly qualitative -studies could be contributed to this process.

Blended Learning -a smooth transition for usage of new educational media?
Accessing for CME content at any time, in any chosen surrounding and without time schedules represents an attractive option for doctors in clinical practice [45][46][47]. But elearning can neither stand alone nor replace conventional ways of learning [13]. Whereas students are more open to adapt modern technologies and environments into their learning activities [11,48], our study suggests that GPs are more likely to continue their common pathways of knowledge acquisition. This is comparable to findings in other countries [38]. Having this in mind one option to implement new learning technologies might include the combination of lectures with matching e-learning sessions or scripts or a blending of all three modalities ("blended learning") [49][50][51][52][53]. Of course for a lot of students WEB 2.0 tools like Blogs, Wikis and Podcasts are part of their daily studies [11,54,55]. So maybe the next generation of GPs will be favorable toward the internet for training and this will then complement face-to-face learning meetings like QCs [56].

Conclusion
Despite a growing use of the Internet it seems that German GPs favor "classical/traditional" settings for their learning activities. These results should be taken into consideration when planning CME or CPD programs or other learning activities.