Utilization of clinical tools to understand health-care differences of the Discovery Health population

Various clinical tools exist that categorize health-care data into homogenous cohorts. The tools contribute to the understanding of health-care experiences. The tools described below are used in understanding the Discovery Health population. 
 
At a patient level, the John Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACG) case-mix system identifies common combinations of disease that impact on each other to increase an individual’s risk. The tool is thus robust not only in categorizing patient illness, but also in analyzing health-care utilization and cost. 
 
At an episode of care level, the Discovery Episode grouper (DEG) uses ICD-10 coded data to define episodes. These episodes provide a means for assessing health-care quality and cost. 
 
At the hospital level the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG), a patient classification system, provides an understanding of the costs incurred by measuring the case-mix index of a hospital. 
 
Using the ACG, DEG and DRG, Discovery Health data can be segregated into various resource bands. High-cost members can be identified, and the costs incurred by different providers assessed. 
 
Studies done in various regions in the United States have shown that Medicare spending varies in different areas across the country. Stephan Zuckerman explains that “geographic differences in Medicare spending are not necessarily evidence of inefficiency in health care,” and that “29% of the differences can be attributed to health, but 33% remains unexplained”. 
 
Using region as a starting point, the aim of this project is to understand how much of the differences in health-care cost identified can be explained using the clinical tools. This explainable portion is due to the difference in population demographics and disease burden within different regions. Possible explanatory factors for the residual differences will be explored, with regional differences forming the starting point of the study.


Introduction
Various clinical tools exist that categorize health-care data into homogenous cohorts. The tools contribute to the understanding of health-care experiences. The tools described below are used in understanding the Discovery Health population.
At a patient level, the John Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACG) case-mix system identifies common combinations of disease that impact on each other to increase an individual's risk. The tool is thus robust not only in categorizing patient illness, but also in analyzing health-care utilization and cost. At an episode of care level, the Discovery Episode grouper (DEG) uses ICD-10 coded data to define episodes. These episodes provide a means for assessing health-care quality and cost.
At the hospital level the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG), a patient classification system, provides an understanding of the costs incurred by measuring the case-mix index of a hospital.
Using the ACG, DEG and DRG, Discovery Health data can be segregated into various resource bands. Highcost members can be identified, and the costs incurred by different providers assessed.
Studies done in various regions in the United States have shown that Medicare spending varies in different areas across the country. Stephan Zuckerman explains that "geographic differences in Medicare spending are not necessarily evidence of inefficiency in health care," and that "29% of the differences can be attributed to health, but 33% remains unexplained".
Using region as a starting point, the aim of this project is to understand how much of the differences in health-care cost identified can be explained using the clinical tools. This explainable portion is due to the difference in population demographics and disease burden within different regions. Possible explanatory factors for the residual differences will be explored, with regional differences forming the starting point of the study.

Methods
Assess and understand the disease burden in various regions by categorizing members into different resource utilization bands (RUBs) using the ACGs.
Identify diseases that exist within the RUBs using the DRGs for hospital cases, DEG for separate episodes, and the Discovery Health Label Matrix for a combined episode view.
Adjust for differences in disease burden and episodes of care in the different provinces, define other factors contributing to differences in health-care costs, leaving an unexplained inefficiency/efficiency cost per province to be explained.
The distribution of RUB 4 members in the country was 7.5% in the Free State, 7.3% in Gauteng, 6.2% in Mpumalanga, 6% in Eastern Cape, 5.9% in North West and Northern Cape, 5.8% in KwaZulu Natal and Limpopo and 5.4% in the Western Cape. Members who were considered to be healthy users and categorized into RUB 1 were 17.0% in the Western Cape, 16.8% in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu Natal,16.5 % in the Northern Cape,16.2% in Limpopo,15.9% in Mpumalanga,15.5% in North West,15.4% in Gauteng and 14.5% in the Free State. The highest numbers of non-users were found in Northern Cape (22.2%). Limpopo had 21.8% and North West had 21.0% of nonusers. In Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal, 19.8% and 19.0% of non-users were found, respectively. Just over 17% of non-users were in Mpumalanga (17.3%) and Free State (17.2%), and the lowest number of non-users was distributed with Gauteng (11.8%).
After adjusting for the different RUB distribution of patients in different provinces, costs for both Gauteng and Free State were higher than that predicted by 4% and 2%, respectively. The costs for Gauteng and Free State were also above the average cost due to the high proportion of RUB 4 and RUB 5 members. Further investigation is required to understand this residual.

Conclusions
There are distinct geographical differences within South Africa, with higher costs incurred in higher-cost areas. Further analyses are underway to obtain a greater understanding of other factors that may be contributing to the unexplained differences in health-care costs experienced by different provinces.