Table 5 Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analysis for respectful maternity care practice among the healthcare providers

Healthcare provider characteristics (Fixed effect)

The subjective measure of workload

0.02 (-0.02 to 0.05)

0.376

0.02 (-0.02 to 0.06)

0.246

Experience at the present birthing center

-0.04 (-0.15 to 0.07)

0.450

-0.02 (-0.14 to 0.11)

0.784

Occupation

Auxiliary Nurse Midwife

Reference

Reference

Staff Nurse

-0.12 (-1.62 to 1.39)

0.879

-0.004 (-1.68 to 1.69)

0.996

Age

0.08 (0.02 to 0.14)

0.011

0.07 (0.002 to 0.14)

0.037

Ever heard/read about RMC

No

Reference

Reference

Yes

0.68 (-0.37 to 1.73)

0.203

1.38 (0.17 to 2.59)

0.055

Skilled Birth Attendant training

No

Reference

Reference

Yes

-0.20 (-1.15 to 0.75)

0.684

-0.36 (-1.43 to 0.71)

0.513

COVID-19 test (PCR test) in past

Negative/ Not tested

-

Reference

Positive

-

-3.18 (-5.06 to -1.30)

0.001

Number of deliveries attended last month

-0.02 (-0.04 to 0.01)

0.129

-0.02 (-0.04 to 0.01)

0.236

Health facility level characteristics (n = 78)

Client-provider ratio per day

Before the COVID-19 pandemic*

-5.16 (-8.41 to -1.91)

0.002

During the COVID-19 pandemic

-7.47 (-12.72 to -2.23)

0.005

Level of health facility

Health Post

0.48 (-1.39 to 2.36)

0.614

-0.12 (-2.41 to 2.18)

0.921

Primary Health Care Center

-0.55 (-2.69 to 1.58)

0.611

-1.93 (-4.57 to 0.71)

0.151

Hospital (Municipality + District)

Reference

Reference

Random effect

Health facility level variance (SD)

5.04

(2.24)

3.25 (1.80)

8.36

(2.89)

5.60 (2.36)

ICC (%)

34.0

26.0

40.0

33.0