From: The state of diabetes care and obstacles to better care in Aceh, Indonesia: a mixed-methods study
 | Male | Female |  |
---|---|---|---|
 | (N = 95) | (N = 426) | p-value |
Age | |||
    Mean (SD) | 58.12 (8.92) | 52.83 (10.17) |  < 0.001 |
Highest level of education | |||
    Less than primary | 1 (1.1%) | 28 (6.6%) |  < 0.001 |
    Primary | 21 (22.1%) | 135 (31.7%) |  |
    Secondary | 51 (53.7%) | 223 (52.3%) |  |
    Post-secondary | 22 (23.2%) | 40 (9.4%) |  |
HbA1c (mmol/l) | |||
    Mean (SD) | 85.18 (28.75) | 84.47 (26.03) | 0.814 |
Poor glycemic control (HbA1c >  = 64 mmol/l) | |||
    No | 25 (26.3%) | 99 (23.2%) | 0.524 |
    Yes | 70 (73.7%) | 327 (76.8%) |  |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | |||
    Mean (SD) | 5.42 (1.45) | 5.67 (1.26) | 0.087 |
BMI | |||
    Mean (SD) | 24.99 (4.55) | 25.73 (4.59) | 0.151 |
Waist circumference in cm | |||
    Mean (SD) | 93.89 (9.99) | 93.41 (10.60) | 0.686 |
Hypertension (syst. > 130 & diast. > 80) | |||
    Normal blood pressure | 69 (72.6%) | 330 (77.5%) | 0.314 |
    High blood pressure | 26 (27.4%) | 96 (22.5%) |  |
Cholesterol >  = 6.2 mmol | |||
    Normal cholesterol | 71 (74.7%) | 283 (66.4%) | 0.117 |
    High cholesterol | 24 (25.3%) | 143 (33.6%) |  |
BMI categories | |||
    Normal weight | 52 (54.7%) | 200 (46.9%) | 0.337 |
    Overweight | 33 (34.7%) | 164 (38.5%) |  |
    Obese | 10 (10.5%) | 62 (14.6%) |  |
NCD program participation | |||
    No | 41 (43.2%) | 94 (22.1%) |  < 0.001 |
    Prolanis | 19 (20.0%) | 90 (21.1%) |  |
    Posbindu | 35 (36.8%) | 242 (56.8%) |  |
High diabetes distress | |||
    No to moderate distress | 26 (27.4%) | 115 (27.0%) | 0.941 |
    High distress | 69 (72.6%) | 311 (73.0%) |  |
Meets WHO recommended:MIC physical activity levels | |||
    No | 36 (58.1%) | 189 (65.9%) | 0.245 |
    Yes | 26 (41.9%) | 98 (34.1%) |  |
Has diabetes complications | |||
    No complications | 14 (16.1%) | 82 (21.5%) | 0.367 |
    Rethinopathy | 26 (29.9%) | 121 (31.7%) |  |
    Kidney disease | 3 (3.4%) | 6 (1.6%) |  |
    Impaired wound healing | 7 (8.0%) | 22 (5.8%) |  |
    Neurological problems | 16 (18.4%) | 77 (20.2%) |  |
    Cardio-vascular disease | 18 (20.7%) | 51 (13.4%) |  |
    Diabetic foot | 3 (3.4%) | 23 (6.0%) |  |