Provider implicit and explicit bias in person-centered maternity care: a cross-sectional study with maternity providers in Northern Ghana

Afulani, Patience A.; Okiring, Jaffer; Aborigo, Raymond A.; Nutor, Jerry John; Kuwolamo, Irene; Dorzie, John Baptist K.; Semko, Sierra; Okonofua, Jason A.; Mendes, Wendy Berry

doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09261-6

Table 4 Bivariate analysis—correlation between provider bias measures and cross tabulations of mean bias scores by provider and facility characteristics

From: Provider implicit and explicit bias in person-centered maternity care: a cross-sectional study with maternity providers in Northern Ghana

Characteristic	Category	Score on low SES woman vignette, (N = 148)				Score on high SES woman vignette, (N = 148)				IAT score (N = 150)
		*Correlations*
		N	r		*P-value*	N	r		*P-value*	N	r		*P-value*
Score on low SES woman vignette						146	0.60		< 0.001	148	0.01		0.946
Score on high SES woman vignette		146	0.60		< 0.001					148	-0.03		0.719
IAT score		150	0.01		0.946	148	-0.03		0.719
		*Crosstabulations*
		N	*Mean*	SD	*P-value*	N	*Mean*	SD	*P-value*	N	*Mean*	SD	*P-value*
Total		148	18.07	3.60		148	16.88	3.15		150	0.71	0.43
Facility type	Govt hospital	91	17.8	3.37	0.511	91	16.9	2.78	0.287	92	0.64	0.43	0.041
	Govt health center	32	18.5	3.92		32	17.4	3.95		32	0.83	0.37
	Mission/private	25	18.6	4.03		25	16.1	3.26		26	0.80	0.44
Position	Nurse	129	17.9	3.69	0.146	131	16.8	3.24	0.189	131	0.70	0.43	0.265
	Midwife	11	18.1	2.55		10	16.9	1.97		11	0.90	0.35
	Ward aid/assistant/support	8	20.5	2.62		7	19.0	2.24		8	0.62	0.44
Gender	Male	4	18	1.15	0.967	4	16.8	2.50	0.935	4	1.05	0.55	0.108
Gender	Female	144	18.1	3.65	0.967	144	16.9	3.18	0.935	146	0.70	0.42	0.108
Age	23–29 years	43	18.3	3.24	0.223	43	16.7	2.71	0.066	43	0.67	0.45	0.612
	30–39 years	83	17.7	3.73		83	16.6	3.45		84	0.71	0.42
	40–52 years	22	19.1	3.68		22	18.3	2.40		23	0.78	0.40
Marital status	Married	109	18.1	3.73	0.801	110	17.0	3.35	0.361	111	0.68	0.44	0.110
Marital status	Single	39	17.9	3.26	0.801	38	16.5	2.50	0.361	39	0.80	0.37	0.110
Number of children	No children	35	17.9	3.47	0.241	34	16.0	2.53	0.015	35	0.79	0.43	0.318
	1 to 2 children	83	17.8	3.67		84	16.8	3.24		84	0.66	0.43
	3 or more children	30	19.1	3.51		30	18.2	3.18		31	0.74	0.41
Educational level	Training College and below	126	18.4	3.37	0.004	126	17.1	3.07	0.075	128	0.70	0.44	0.705
Educational level	University and above	22	16.0	4.27	0.004	22	15.8	3.46	0.075	22	0.74	0.39	0.705
Monthly salary	Less than 2000 GHS	111	18.2	3.57	0.573	111	16.8	3.17	0.742	113	0.70	0.44	0.053
Monthly salary	2000–3000 GHS	37	17.8	3.74	0.573	37	17.0	3.14	0.742	37	0.83	0.38	0.053
Years as provider	0–5 years	68	18.4	3.22	0.667	68	16.8	3.03	0.443	69	0.69	0.43	0.232
	6–10 years	42	17.7	3.28		43	17.3	2.79		43	0.65	0.43
	More than 10 years	38	17.9	4.54		37	16.5	3.74		38	0.81	0.41
Perceived social status of family growing up	Bottom half	102	17.9	3.57	0.388	102	16.9	3.29	0.805	104	0.72	0.40	0.672
Perceived social status of family growing up	Upper half	46	18.5	3.69	0.388	46	16.8	2.85	0.805	46	0.69	0.48	0.672
Perceived social status of self now	Bottom half	57	17.8	3.77	0.448	58	16.6	3.23	0.340	59	0.67	0.44	0.387
Perceived social status of self now	Upper half	91	18.3	3.50	0.448	90	17.1	3.10	0.340	91	0.73	0.42	0.387
Social mobility	Upward mobility	101	17.9	3.51	0.154	100	16.9	3.17	0.808	102	0.73	0.43	0.126
	No change	34	19.1	3.57		35	17.1	3.21		35	0.72	0.36
	Downward mobility	13	17.2	4.16		13	16.4	3.04		13	0.48	0.57
Religion	Catholic	120	18.0	3.67	0.490	120	16.9	3.67	0.873	121	0.71	0.42	0.899
Religion	Methodist/Presby/Anglican	28	18.5	3.32	0.490	28	17.0	2.50	0.873	29	0.70	0.47	0.899
Training on interpersonal interactions	No	60	18.5	3.53	0.219	59	17.2	2.71	0.335	60	0.71	0.44	0.924
Training on interpersonal interactions	Yes	88	17.8	3.64	0.219	89	16.7	3.42	0.335	90	0.71	0.42	0.924

Higher mean scores on the low SES vignette indicate stronger negative explicit bias towards the low SES woman, while higher mean scores on the high SES vignette indicate stronger negative explicit bias towards the high SES woman. Higher IAT scores indicate stronger bias in favor of high SES patients

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ISSN: 1472-6963

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