Table 5 Summary of the outcomes, measures, and key results

Andreasson et al., 2017 [66]

Suicide ideation, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and app/user satisfaction

• Beck Suicide Ideation Scale

• Beck hopelessness scale

• Major depression inventory

• Client satisfaction questionnaire

Not Applicable—protocol

Bailey et al., 2020 [67]

Suicidal ideation, depression, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, social connectedness, mindfulness, self-compassion, problem-solving, suicide attempts, self-harm, feasibility, and acceptability

• Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire

• Patient Health Questionnaire—9

• 15-item version of the interpersonal needs questionnaire

• Social connectedness scale—revised

• Mindful attention awareness scale

• Self-compassion scale – short form

• Negative problem orientation questionnaire

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Deliberate self-harm inventory

• Usage data and activity data

Overall, more than half of the participants logged in at least once per week satisfying this criterion related to acceptability. There was also significant variability in Café activity (including posts, replies, and likes/reactions), steps and actions completed, and amount of user-initiated contact with moderators

Berrouiguet and Alavi et al., 2014 [61] (protocol)

HUGOPSY Network et al., 2018 [68]

Suicide reattempt, suicide deaths, suicide ideation, medical costs, and satisfaction

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Medico-economic questionnaire

Satisfaction questionnaire

• Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview

• Narrative description of circumstances associated with their participant-initiated contact

In each case, the contact has been initiated by the study participant immediately after receiving a message (Case 3) or a few days later (Case 1 and 2). These cases highlight the potential for connecting individuals to crisis services after an SA using automated text messages. This text message-based brief contact intervention has demonstrated the potential to reconnect suicidal individuals with crisis support services while they are experiencing suicidal ideation as well as in a period after receiving messages

Berrouiguet and Gravey et al., 2014 [105]

Feasibility, acceptability

• Text messages status reports and the transmission rates issued by the web server engine

• Standardized phone interview and questionnaire

Receiving text messages sent from an intranet program after a suicide attempt is technically possible. This post-crisis outreach program was accepted by the patients who found it to have a positive preventive impact

Betz et al., 2020 [106]

Feasibility, acceptability, suicide severity

• Minutes for the patient to complete L2L and the completion rate

• Ottawa acceptability scale

• Decisional conflict scale

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

The L2L decision aid appears feasible and acceptable for use among adults with suicide risk and may be a useful adjunct to lethal means counseling and other suicide prevention interventions

Brand and Hawton 2021 [107]

Patients' and nurses' experiences

• Questionnaire (Likert-scale questions, binary questions, and open-ended questions)

All the participants who attended more than two sessions (n = 8) found the weekly True Colours questionnaires easy to use. Four of the five nurses who participated in the evaluation stated that they found it easy to recruit patients and explain the benefits of True Colours to them. The remaining nurse found registering a patient onto the True Colours system challenging. All the nurses who used True Colours found it useful

Bruen et al., 2020 [108]

Acceptability, engagement

• Fitbit data

• Brief informal exit interview

A total of 61 safety plans were completed, with an average of 2.5 plans per person. SWiM App was helpful: The ability to write-out thoughts suited those people who might otherwise have had to struggle to voice these verbally. Most participants provided positive responses about using Fitbit, which included increased self-awareness of levels of physical activity, goal setting, and peer motivation

Bush et al., 2015 [109]

Patients' and clinicians' experiences

• Semi structured interview

• Self-report questionnaires (e.g., Likert-type rating scale)

• Electronic usage log

High-risk patients and their clinicians used the VHB more regularly and found the VHB beneficial, useful, easy to set up, and said they were likely to use the VHB in the future and recommend the VHB to peers

Bush et al., 2017 [69]

Coping, suicide ideation, reasons for living

• Coping self-efficacy scale

• Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation

• Brief reasons for living inventory

VHB users reported significantly greater ability to cope with unpleasant emotions and thoughts at three and 12 weeks compared with the control group. No significant advantage was found on other outcome measures for treatment augmented by the VHB

Buus et al., 2020 [100]

Patients' experience

• Focus group

Users found that the MYPLAN app was helpful for learning to recognize early signs of an impending crisis, and for coping by actively finding personalized problem-solving strategies. This study indicates that there were huge variations in users’ engagement and use of MYPLAN

Cassola et al., 2017 [110]

(Protocol with preliminary results)

Satisfaction and usability

• System usability scale questionnaire

System usability surveys reveal that users were pleased with the use of the system during the Stop Depression clinical trials. Qualified users considered the platform to be straightforward and with a low learning curve, having felt confident while using it. Moreover, an extremely high percentage of users claimed that they would use the system frequently

Cebrià et al., 2013 [70]

Suicide attempt and reattempt

• Telephone survey

The results obtained suggest that the application of a telephone management programme to patients discharged from an emergency room for suicide attempts significantly delays further attempts and decreases the rates of reattempts in the context of a general reduction

Chen et al., 2010 [111]

Patient experience, suicide attempt

• Interview

Mobile telephone text message interventions could be a feasible and acceptable follow-up method with suicide attempters. All suicide attempters in our sample who were seen in emergency departments have access to a mobile telephone, and there is no charge for the user to receive text messages. After four message contacts, most of them thought it was acceptable and said they would like to receive the messages for a longer time

Chen et al., 2018 [88]

Suicide ideation, coping, app usage

• App usage logs

• Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation

• Coping self-efficacy scale

Older age was correlated with higher levels of usage. Participants who had 2 years or more of college had lower levels of VHB usage. The findings suggested a potential association between usage and efficacy for stopping negative thoughts. Usage was associated with increased efficacy for stopping negative thoughts, though this relationship was attenuated among participants with high levels of usage

Comtois et al., 2019 [71]

Suicide ideation, suicide attempt, ED visit

• Suicide status interview

• Treatment history interview

• Suicide attempt self-injury count

• Hurdle model

There was no significant effect on the likelihood or severity of current suicidal ideation or likelihood of a suicide risk incident; there was also no effect on emergency department visits. However, participants who received Caring Contacts had lower odds than those receiving standard care alone of experiencing any suicidal ideation between baseline and follow-up and fewer had attempted suicide since baseline in the group receiving Caring Contacts vs the standard-care group

Czyz et al., 2020 [112]

Hopelessness, positive and negative affect, patient perceptions and experiences with messages

• Daily survey

• 10-item positive and negative affect

• Schedule for children

• Open ended feedback

Quantitative and qualitative feedback across the 2 study phases pointed to the acceptability of text-based support

Czyz et al., 2021 [113]

Suicide ideation, self-efficacy, coping, suicide attempt, suicide injury, safety plan use

• Efficacy to cope with suicidal

parental self-efficacy scale thoughts and urges scale

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Self-assessed expectations of suicide risk scale

• Non-suicidal self-injury portion of the self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview

The results from this pilot study suggest that study procedures for optimizing interventions for adolescents at elevated suicide risk were feasible and acceptable. Moreover, results indicate that specific intervention components and sequences influenced key mechanisms of change and have potential to reduce risk of suicidal behavior

Davis et al., 2021[89]

Suicide risk, fidelity of screening process

• Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) – modified for teens

• Columbia diagnostic interview

• Schedule for children-depression scale

• Manual chart review

The study results indicated the high degree of fidelity to the follow-up suicide risk questions. Follow-up: suicide-specific follow-up actions were relatively sparse in the year following PHQ-9-M screening per a retrospective manual chart review

Depp et al., 2021[114]

Suicide ideation, suicide behaviour, satisfaction, service utilization, acceptability, adherence, and fidelity

• Scale for suicide ideation or Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Outpatient follow-up interval

• Composite suicide-related crises

• Ecological Momentary Assessment adherence or outcomes

• Tablet routines questionnaire

• Brief psychiatric rating scale

• Treatment rationale scale

• Timeline follow back scale

• Intervention satisfaction questionnaire

Not Applicable—protocol

Dimeff et al., 2020 [116]

Feasibility

• Semi structured interview

• Usability satisfaction and acceptability questionnaire ratings

• Open ended qualitative data from Dr. Dave (Artificial Intelligence avatar)

Technology tools including a patient-facing avatar and e-caring contacts, along with provider-facing tools may offer a powerful method of facilitating best-practice suicide prevention interventions and point-of-care tools for suicidal patients seeking ED services and their medical provider

Dimeff et al., 2021 [115]

Coping, patient experience, adverse events, acceptability, feasibility

• Safety and imminent distress questionnaire

• Suicide-related coping scale

• Jaspr health patient satisfaction questionnaire

• Brief semi structured interview

Of 14 Jaspr Health patients, all completed a comprehensive suicide assessment and created a crisis stabilization plan, and 12 (85%) patients engaged in lethal means counseling. Jaspr Health participants also opted to learn 3 behavioral skills and gave Jaspr Health high satisfaction ratings. In addition, no adverse events occurred during its use. Jaspr Health appeared clinically effective

Duhem et al., 2018 [72]

Professional knowledge about suicide, suicide attempt, health care pathway, acceptability, fidelity

• Regional suicide mortality data

• Penetrance rate

• Quantitative appraisal (digital survey)

• Qualitative appraisal (semi structured interviews)

• Two-step medico economic assessment of the programme

• Crisis card measures

Not Applicable—protocol

Etter et al., 2018 [90]

Provider follow-up action, suicide risk, depression, substance use

• A single question based on American Academy of Pediatrics

• Patient Health Questionnaire—2

• Chart abstraction (provider worksheet)

Incorporating adolescent suicide screening and provider follow-up guidance into an existing computer decision support system in primary care is feasible and well utilized by providers

Fossi Djembi et al., 2020 [91]

Suicide attempt, penetration of VigilianS

• VigilanS database

• Health administrative data

Twenty-one centers were running VigilanS in 2018, with an average penetrance of 32%. A significant relationship was identified, showing a sharp decrease in suicide attempt as a function of penetrance

Fossi et al., 2021 [92]

Suicide reattempt

• Second entry in VigilanS

Findings suggests the effectiveness of VigilanS on suicide reattempt, from the first entry into VigilanS. Maintaining contact is of great importance for the patient’s future

Goodman et al., 2020 [73]

Suicide behaviour, depression, hopelessness, coping and treatment utilization

• Medical record abstraction

• Brief safety plan scoring form

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

Not Applicable—protocol

Gregory et al., 2017 [93]

Smartphone ownership, app usage, admission to hospital

• Questionnaires/surveys

Of the 76 patients, 50 reported that they owned a smart phone. Of the 26 who reported they did not own a smartphone, five patients reported that they still intended to download the Be Safe app later. Of the 50 patients who owned a smartphone, nine downloaded the Be Safe app in hospital. Of the 41 smartphone owners who did not download in hospital, 34 stated they intended to download the app later, and four additional patients stated they would “maybe” download the app later. Fifty-one out of 74 patients were on their first admission to hospital

Grist et al., 2018 [101]

Usability, acceptability, safety

• Interview

6 key themes emerged: (1) appraisal of BlueIce,(2) usability of BlueIce, (3) safety (4) benefits of BlueIce, (5)agency and control, and (6) BlueIce less helpful. Overall, BlueIce was deemed to be helpful, easy to use, and safe

Gros et al., 2011 [103]

Efficacy and symptoms

• Beck's depression inventory -2

• Beck anxiety inventory

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) checklist – military version

The preliminary findings in the present case support the use of telehealth in the identification and intervention of suicidality at home

Hatcher et al., 2020 [74]

Suicide ideation, depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, meaning in life, social support, quality of life, substance use, health service use, app usage

• Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation

• Patient Health Questionnaire

• Generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screen

• EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-level questionnaire

• Experienced meaning in life scale

• Multidimensional scale of perceived social support

• Alcohol use disorders identification test

• Drug abuse screening test

• Administrative health data

• Smartphone application usage data

• Interviews

Not Applicable—protocol

Hetrick et al., 2017 [117]

Feasibility, acceptability, perceived usefulness, depression

• Questionnaire about acceptability and usefulness including open-end-ed questions

• Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire – junior

• Patient Health Questionaries—9

The e tool was feasible to implement. Young people and clinicians found the tool acceptable and useful for understanding symptoms and risk

Hill et al., 2020 [118]

Depression, suicide ideation, satisfaction, patient experience, acceptability, feasibility

• Time required to complete the module

• Safety plan completion

• Feedback form (open-ended questions) satisfaction

• Short mood and feelings questionnaire

• Suicide ideation questionnaire- junior

Adolescents’ reported satisfaction with the intervention was high at both post-treatment and follow-up. At the follow-up assessment, 11 of the 15 adolescents reported using their safety plan, of whom 8 (72.7%) found their safety plan to be helpful and 7 (63.6%) reported that their safety plan prevented them from making a suicide attempt. The average time to complete the adolescent safety plan module was 48.13 min. Data support the preliminary feasibility of administering safety planning using the web-based tool and the acceptability of the Safety Planning Assistant

Jeong et al., 2020 [119]

Attitudes, behaviour control, suicide attempts, user experience

• System usability scale

questionnaire

Study 1: Results indicated no usability problems or minimal usability problems with a low priority for revision, and the level of usability of BoMM is acceptable. Study 2: In all participants, attitude toward suicide attempts declined at each of the three time points

Jerant et al., 2020 [75]

Whether the topic of suicide was discussed during the visit, suicidal thought, suicide risk

• Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation

• Patient Health Questionnaire

• Primary care PTSD screen

• Alcohol use disorder identification test

Any suicide discussion was more likely among the tailored Men and Providers Preventing Suicide (MAPS) patients than controls. In the examination of moderation of the intervention effect by the presence or absence of any suicide preparatory behaviors, the interaction effect was not statistically significant

Kasckow et al., 2015 [76]

Suicide ideation, depression, feasibility

• Suicide severity interview

• Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation

• Calgary depression rating scale

• Percentage of days active participants downloaded responses to the questions

Daily adherence in the use of the Health Buddy (HB) system during months 1–3 was, respectively, 86.9%, 86.3%, and 84.1%. There were significant improvements in Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation scores in HB participants. There were no changes in depressive symptoms. Telehealth monitoring for this population of patients appears to be feasible

Kasckow et al.,2016 [120]

Suicide ideation, depression, user experience, feasibility, adherence

• Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI)

• Calgary depression rating scale

• Number of participants accessed the system

• Open-ended surveys

Our pilot findings suggest that the use of our telehealth monitoring system is feasible in monitoring post-discharge suicide risk in this population. Monthly adherence for telehealth participants was > 80%. A qualitative analysis of endpoint surveys revealed that most participants had positive responses. In both groups, there were improvements in BSSI scores at endpoint relative to baseline

Kennard et al., 2018 [121]

Suicide ideation, suicide behaviour, treatment utilization, satisfaction

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire–junior

• Child and adolescent services assessment

• Post-study satisfaction and usability questionnaire

• Client satisfaction questionnaire-8

Results show acceptability and feasibility of the As Safe as Possible (ASAP) intervention and supporting BRITE app. The RCT was not large enough to detect even substantial clinical effects, but the rates of suicide attempt in those assigned to ASAP/BRITE were half of those in TAU, indicating that this intervention is promising and may have utility in the reduction of post-discharge suicide attempts in hospitalized, suicidal adolescents

Kleiman et al., 2019 [122]

Feasibility, acceptability, user experience

• Survey

• Wearable computer comfort rating scale

• Usage data

• 4 open-ended qualitative question

Results supported the feasibility and acceptability of this approach. Participants wore the monitor for an average of 18 h a day and reported that despite sometimes finding the monitor uncomfortable, they did not mind wearing it

Kodama et al., 2016 [123]

Suicide ideation, social/personnel resources

• Questionnaires (multiple choice questions and Likert scale)

outcome data were obtained from participants’ physicians

At the 3- and 6-month time points of the intervention, more than 85% of participants reported that the text messages were helpful or a little helpful. Participants who had committed self-harm during the previous 6 months at baseline accounted for 27.6% of the sample (n = 8), whereas the proportion at 6 months significantly decreased. Further, the intensity of suicidal ideation was significantly reduced after the intervention period

Kolva et al., 2020 [94]

Suicide ideation, suicide attempt

• Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

• Suicidal behaviors questionnaire—revised (SBQ-R)

Online assessment of suicidality in this sample of adults with heterogeneous cancer diagnoses receiving outpatient psycho‐oncology care was feasible and ethically sound. Active suicidal ideation as identified by the PHQ‐9 was rare, almost all participants denied thoughts that they would be better off dead or active thoughts of self‐harm. Few participants reported having these thoughts for several days or more than half of the days. In contrast, on the SBQ‐R, 28 participants reported thoughts of killing oneself ranging from rarely to very often (n = 1, 1.1%) in the previous year

Kroll et al., 2020 [95]

Adverse events and nurse preference for observation

• Software running the monitoring technician's interface with the mobile units automatically logged the information

• Free text entered by monitoring technician (MT)

• Nursing preference survey

Average daily census for the MTs during the pilot phase was 6.2 patients. The maximum number of patients receiving virtual monitoring for an indication of suicide precautions at a single time was 3. There were no adverse behavioural events. Nurses who did and did not care for patients on virtual monitoring both gave moderately high favourability ratings, and no significant differences in favourability of virtual monitoring or 1:1 between nurses who did and did not care for patients

Lawrence et al., 2010 [96]

Suicide ideation

• Patient Health Questionnaire—9

• Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise

• Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST)

The odds of reporting suicidality were increased with more severe depression and current substance abuse, while advancing age was associated with lower risk. Our experience supports the use of novel technologies and user-friendly interfaces (i.e., touchscreens or tablet computers) to facilitate the collection of self-reported information in high volume clinical settings

Levine et al., 1989 [97]

Self-harm, suicide ideation

• Hamilton rating scale for depression

• Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire

Study result suggests that not only is the computer interview acceptable to most patients, but the data suggest that the patients are prepared to confide information to the computer that they may be unwilling to tell the clinician. Further, the data also suggest a significant pathoplastic effect of the personality of the patient on the perception of the psychopathology by the clinician. The computer appeared to be a better predictor of suicidality than the interview by the clinician

Ligier et al., 2016 [77]

Suicide attempt and suicide reattempt

• Data from participating hospital

• Multidimensional scale of perceived social support

• Kidscreen-27 and Vécu et Santé Perçue des Adolescents

• Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

Not Applicable—protocol

Luxton et al., 2012 [124]

Feasibility, readmission, length of stay, staff experience, patient coping, depression, suicide ideation, and adverse events

• Reasons for living inventory

• Patient Health Questionnaire—9

• Suicide ideation scale

• Phone interviews

Most participants indicated preference for e-mail versus postal mail. Fifteen participants were readmitted for treatment compared to 20 patients in usual care. Twenty participants sent responses, and all were positive statements about the program. There were no adverse events. This program is feasible for use at a military treatment facility

Luxton et al., 2014 [62]

(Protocol)

Luxton et al., 2020 [78]

Suicide mortality, depression, suicide ideation, coping, belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, capability for lethal self-injury, positive aspects in a person's life, suicide behaviour, medical/psychiatric treatment utilization

• Positive assets search semi-structured interview tool

• Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale

• Patient Health Questionnaire -9

• Lifetime Parasuicide Count

• Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire

• Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale

• Death certificates recorded in the Centers for Disease Control and prevention

• National Death Index Plus

• Rudd suicide ideation scale

• Survey (phone interview)

• Health administrative data

No firm conclusions about the efficacy of the intervention can be made because the study was inadequately powered. There were no adverse events associated with the intervention, and implementation of the procedures was feasible in the military and veteran hospital settings

Mackie et al., 2017 [102]

Staff and patient experience

• Semi-structured interview

• Written participants exit questionnaire

• Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9)

Seven men were enrolled in the study, and six completed the qualitative interviews. The two main themes identified were of trust and connection. Participants attended 85% of their appointments

Madan et al., 2015 [98]

Depression, suicide ideation and behaviour

• Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9)

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSR-S)

At admission, 59.0% of patients endorsed suicidality on at least 1 of the suicide alert critical items. Patients endorsed critical item 1 (from the PHQ) most frequently and more often than any of critical items 2 to 6 from the CSSR-S. Patients who endorse more items may be experiencing more severe suicidality

Marasinghe et al., 2012 [79]

Suicide ideation, depression, social support, alcohol use, and drug check

• Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation

• Beck depression inventory

• Medical outcomes study social support survey

• Alcohol use disorders identification test

• Drug check problem list

There were no significant differences between the groups at baseline. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that average scores for both conditions improved on all outcome measures

McManamaO'Brien et al., 2017 [125]

Patients and parent experience related to usability, and satisfaction

• System usability scale

• Open ended survey questions

Results demonstrated acceptability and usability, suggesting the utility of technological interventions, such as Crisis Care, as an adjunct to treatment for suicidal adolescents and their parents following discharge from acute care settings

Melvin et al., 2019 [126]

Suicide ideation, coping, feasibility

• App usage data

• App feedback survey (closed ended and open-ended)

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Suicide related coping scale

• Suicide resilience inventory-25

• Coping strategy usage questionnaire

A vast majority of participants used the app to view and edit their safety plans and reported that the app was easy to use. A reduction was observed in participant severity and intensity of suicide ideation, and suicide-related coping increased significantly. No significant changes were observed in suicide resilience

Morthorst et al., 2021[127]

Feasibility, clinical outcomes including NSSI, quality of life, sick days

• Phone interviews

• Completion of follow-up, compliance (completion of modules)

• deliberate self-harm inventory – youth version

• Health-related quality of life questionnaire (kidscreen-10)

• Depression anxiety stress scale

• Number of sick days

• Difficulties in emotion regulation scale–16 item version

• Borderline symptom list

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• The coping with children’s negative emotions scale

• The coping with children's negative emotions scale adolescent

• Negative effects questionnaire

• Strengths and difficulties questionnaire

• Working alliance inventory, short version

Not Applicable—protocol

Mousavi 2014 [80]

Suicide attempts, suicide ideation, hope of life, compliance of treatment

• Phone calls (questionnaires)

The only suicide attempt case in the intervention group occurred in the 4th month after discharge, and in the control group there was one case after the 1st month, 2 cases after the 2nd month and one case after the 4th month. After discharge during the 6 month follow up, one patient in the intervention group and 4 patients in the control group had attempted suicide, no significant difference of suicide reattempt has been found between two groups. By the end of the study period, 28 patients in the control group and 14 patients in the intervention group had suicidal thoughts. 19 patients in the control group and 50 patients in the intervention group had increase in hope. There was no significant difference for the compliance to treatments after 6 months of follow up

Muscara et al., 2020 [128]

Feasibility, acceptability, suicide resilience and self-harm

• App log ins and use data

• Self-report questionnaire

• Suicide resilience inventory-25 measure

Eight participants felt that the apps would not keep them safe when in crisis, with nine and seven participants reported that BeyondNow and BlueIce, respectively, did not help them to manage their symptoms in crisis. Most participants rated both apps positively regarding ease of use, and a small majority reported that they would recommend both apps and were satisfied with the apps. Most participants did not believe that they would use the apps in the future. A significant improvement was found on the Emotional Stability Scale

Nuij et al., 2018 [129]

Feasibility, level of explorative power of the model, suicide behaviour

• System usability scale

• Client satisfaction questionnaire 8

• Survey comprised of scale and questionnaires operationalised within the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model

Not Applicable—protocol

O'Keefe et al., 2019 [81]

Suicide ideation, resilience, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, self-efficacy, communal mastery, self-esteem, substance use

• Suicide Ideation Questionnaire

• Resiliency scales for children and adolescents

• Centers for epidemiologic studies depression scale revised

• Children’s hope scale

• Alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test

• UPPS impulsive behavior scale

• Multicultural mastery scale

• Voices of Indian teens cultural issues and interest

• Rosenberg self-esteem scale

• Index of local indicators of well-being

• PROMIS pediatric anxiety short form

Not Applicable—protocol

O'Toole et al., 2019 [82]

Suicide risk, depression, patient perception of the app

• Suicide Status Form (SSF) II–R

• Major Depression Inventory (MDI)

• Total app activity

• Unsafe of methods library

A significant main effect of time on SSF was found across the whole intervention period, where self-reported suicide risk decreased. Concerning MDI, the main effect of time across the whole intervention period was significant, showing a large decrease across groups in depressive symptoms. Concerning the participants who had used the mobile app measured as any type of clicks (N = 50), the total number of clicks was not significant at either post-treatment. The total number of methods used was not significantly associated with the effect

O’Connor 2019 [135]

Feasibility, acceptability, intervention adherence, suicide severity, coping

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• The entrapment scale

• The interpersonal needs questionnaire

• The ENRICHD social support instrument

• The suicide-related coping scale

• Semi-structured interview and focus group

• NHS clinical databases

Not Applicable—protocol

Olsen et al., 2021 [130]

Feasibility, NSSI, quality of life, depression, anxiety, and stress

• Deliberate self-harm inventory–youth version

• Kidscreen-10

• Depression anxiety stress scale

• Proportion of sick days during the last month

• Difficulties in emotion regulation scale

• Borderline symptom list

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Coping with children’s negative emotions scale

• Negative effects questionnaire

Not Applicable—protocol

Owens and Charles 2016 [131]

Feasibility, clinician and patient experience

• Interview

Clinicians all understood the purpose of the intervention and recognised that it could be valuable in the management of self-harm and other problem behaviours, but heavy workloads, high stress levels and possibly some technophobia contributed to a perception that too much effort was required to master it and incorporate it into their practice

Canady 2018 [104]

Suicide risk

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Clinical practice screener-recent

In the ED, 6.3 percent of the screens were positive, as were 1.6 percent in the inpatient units, and 2.1 percent in the outpatient clinics

Pickett et al., 2021[132]

Feasibility, rate of screening, suicide risk

• Ask suicide screening questions

Suicide screening increased from 1.0% to 76.5%. The novel use of a tablet-based universal suicide screening method was successfully implemented in a busy ED and designed to optimize disclosure and patient comfort, while preserving valuable provider/nursing time

Sayal et al., 2019 [133]

Depression, suicide severity, anxiety, hopelessness, and health utility

• Beck Depression Inventory-II

• Personal health questionnaire – 9

• Beck hopelessness scale

• Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment

• Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

• Work and social adjustment scale

• 5-level EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire

• Interviews

Recruitment to RCTs of remotely delivered CBT for young people with depression and repeat self-harm is not feasible through recent presentations to clinicians in self-harm services. Offering remotely delivered PSCBT did not enhance the uptake of this intervention in participants aged 16–30 years with depression who had recently presented to medical services following self-harm

Seong et al., 2021 [99]

Successful case management rate

• Case management database of the hospital

The rate of patients who connected with their local psychiatric healthcare center showed a significant difference between the Mobile Messenger Counselling (MMC) and non-MMC groups. The use of mobile messengers for counseling self-harm or suicide attempters leads to higher case management success rates by increasing their likelihood of connecting to a local psychiatric healthcare center

Simon et al., 2016 [63](protocol)

Simon 2022 [83]

Self-harm, mortality

suicide attempt

• Electronic health record data

• Death certificate

• Insurance claim data

Risk of fatal or nonfatal self-harm over 18 months did not differ significantly between the care management and usual care groups but was significantly higher in the skills training group than in usual care

Stallard et al., 2016 [64] protocol

Stallard et al., 2018 [84]

Depression, anxiety, suicide behaviour, safety, acceptability, and self-harm, usability, feasibility

• Mood and feelings questionnaire

• Revised child anxiety and depression scale

• Strengths and difficulties questionnaire

• Rating questionnaires

• Semi-structured interviews

• Referral pathways

No safety issues were identified and there were no unintended negative effects on self-harm. Almost three-quarters of those who had recently self-harmed reported reductions in self-harm after using BlueIce for 12 weeks. There was a statistically significant mean difference on post use symptoms of depression and symptoms of anxiety, which was evident across all anxiety subscales. Ratings of app acceptability and usefulness were high

Stevens et al., 2019 [85]

Hospitalization, mortality

• Routinely collected data sources through New South Wales (NSW) health, other government agencies, and the centre for health record linkage

Not Applicable—protocol

Vaiva et al., 2006 [87]

Suicide reattempt, death, number and type of health care contact

• Telephone interviews

• Electronic health record data

• Emergency departments health records on all suicide attempts, deaths, or further suicide attempts

70% of participants in both intervention groups were successfully contacted by telephone. Six participants died. On an intention to treat basis, the three groups did not differ significantly for proportion with an adverse outcome. The number of participants contacted at one month who reattempted suicide was significantly lower than that of controls. For participants contacted at three months, the number who attempted further suicide was not significantly lower than that of controls. Participants in the intervention groups talked about their attempted suicide with their general practitioner more often than the controls

Vaiva et al., 2011 [65] (protocol)

Vaiva et al., 2018 [86]

Suicide reattempt, adverse events such death by suicide

• Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview

• Phone survey

After 6 months, 58 participants in the intervention group reattempted suicide compared with 77 in the control group. The difference between groups was not significant

Wright et al., 2021 [134]

Depression, suicidality, and patient experience

• Beck depression inventory-II

• Questions/observations during sessions (general comments on iPad use)

Of the 40 patient participants, 25% selected one of the depressive symptoms or one of the suicide responses on the depression inventory, made comments or displayed depressive symptoms in the audio-visual group sessions, or wrote about issues that caused the professionals to be concerned about possible suicidal ideation. All the patients commented on the iPad delivery being easy com-pared with some other open-source methods they had used. Various types of supportive interactions were observed among the group participants, including affirmations, humor, and emotional and in-formational support