Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries

Table 6 Regression results with health system financing characteristics: Case fatality rate

	Model 4a	Model 4b	Model 4c	Model 5a	Model 5b	Model 5c	Model 6a	Model 6b	Model 6c
	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)
(Intercept)	0.00	0.00	-0.16	0.00	0.00	-0.15	0.00	0.00	-0.15
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.08)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.08)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.08)
Current health expenditure	-0.45**	-0.31	-0.16
	(0.14)	(0.16)	(0.09)
Out-of-pocket expenditure				0.52***	0.40**	0.11
				(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.10)
Government health expenditure							-0.45**	-0.26	-0.12
							(0.14)	(0.15)	(0.09)
Population 80 years or over		-0.04	0.17		-0.09	0.13		-0.06	0.15
		(0.17)	(0.10)		(0.15)	(0.10)		(0.16)	(0.10)
DALY		0.27	0.35**		0.25	0.32***		0.14	0.28*
		(0.17)	(0.10)		(0.16)	(0.10)		(0.18)	(0.11)
GDP					-0.12	-0.12		-0.29	-0.16
					(0.17)	(0.10)		(0.16)	(0.09)
Mexico			4.38***			4.14***			4.25***
			(0.53)			(0.56)			(0.53)
China			2.49***			2.30***			2.35***
			(0.54)			(0.55)			(0.54)
R2	0.21	0.27	0.78	0.27	0.41	0.79	0.20	0.34	0.79
adj. R2	0.19	0.22	0.75	0.25	0.33	0.75	0.18	0.27	0.75
logLik	-55.55	-53.71	-28.39	-53.74	-49.27	-27.25	-55.63	-51.61	-26.99
AIC	117.11	117.41	70.78	113.49	110.54	70.50	117.25	115.22	69.97
BIC	122.39	126.22	83.11	118.77	121.11	84.59	122.54	125.78	84.06

Notes: ***p < 0,001, ** p < 0,01, *p < 0,05; (standard deviation), N = 43, GDP not a control variable for models 1b and 1c due to high correlation with current health expenditure measure

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