Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries

Table 5 Regression results with health system financing characteristics: Excess mortality rate

	Model 1a	Model 1b	Model 1c	Model 2a	Model 2b	Model 2c	Model 3a	Model 3b	Model 3c
	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)	Β (sd)
(Intercept)	0.00	0.00	-0.05	0.00	0.00	-0.04	0.00	0.00	-0.05
	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.09)	(0.15)	(0.11)	(0.09)	(0.14)	(0.11)	(0.08)
Current health expenditure	-0.55***	-0.34*	-0.15
	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.10)
Out-of-pocket expenditure				0.37*	0.17	-0.00
				(0.15)	(0.12)	(0.11)
Government health expenditure							-0.45**	-0.16	-0.11
							(0.14)	(0.12)	(0.09)
Population 80 years or over		-0.22	0.00		-0.28*	-0.04		-0.25	-0.03
		(0.14)	(0.10)		(0.13)	(0.10)		(0.13)	(0.10)
DALY		0.33*	0.77***		0.26	0.69***		0.20	0.64***
		(0.15)	(0.17)		(0.14)	(0.18)		(0.15)	(0.17)
GDP					-0.36*	-0.23*		-0.42**	-0.21*
					(0.14)	(0.11)		(0.13)	(0.10)
Mexico			2.15***			2.08**			2.02***
			(0.58)			(0.58)			(0.55)
South Africa			-2.53*			-2.38*			-2.19*
			(0.93)			(1.04)			(0.90)
Colombia			2.23***			2.04**			2.13***
			(0.57)			(0.58)			(0.55)
R2	0.31	0.50	0.77	0.14	0.58	0.79	0.20	0.58	0.80
adj. R2	0.29	0.45	0.73	0.11	0.53	0.75	0.18	0.53	0.76
logLik	-48.91	-42.57	-26.73	-53.30	-38.96	-24.94	-51.76	-39.12	-23.99
AIC	103.83	95.14	69.46	112.59	89.92	67.87	109.51	90.23	66.00
BIC	108.90	103.58	83.00	117.66	100.05	83.07	114.56	100.37	81.19

Notes: ***p < 0,001, ** p < 0,01, *p < 0,05; (standard deviation), N = 40, GDP not a control variable for models 1b and 1c due to high correlation with current health expenditure measure

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