Table 4 Description of the healthcare system combined types
From: Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries
Types | Financing | Provision | Health outcomes | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | The highest level of CHE; the highest level of public health expenditure; the lowest level of private health expenditure | Primary care mainly private; strong to low gatekeeping; high number of hospital beds and doctors; high coverage of essential services | The best population health outcomes | Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, the US |
Type 2 | The lowest level of CHE; the lowest level of public health expenditure; low level of private health expenditure | Primary care public-private mix; moderate gatekeeping; low number of hospital beds and doctors; low coverage of essential services | The worst population health outcomes in terms of child and maternal health | Indonesia, South Africa |
Type 3 | Low level of CHE; low level of public health expenditure; high level of private health expenditure | Primary care mainly public or public-private mix; moderate to low gatekeeping; low number of hospital beds; high number of doctors; average to low coverage of essential services | Population health outcomes good expect high maternal mortality | Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Finland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain |
Type 4 | Low level of CHE; average level of public health expenditure; high level of private health expenditure | Primary care mainly private or public-private mix; strong to low gatekeeping; high number of hospital beds; average number of doctors; low coverage of essential services | Population health outcomes average, cancer mortality and differences in life expectancy between men and women the highest | China, Greece, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Russia, Turkey |