From: Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries
Types | Primary care delivery and gatekeeping | Number of doctorsa and hospital bedsb | Coverage of essential services | Countries |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | Primary care mainly private, non-existent gatekeeping | Average number of doctors, the highest number of hospital beds | The highest level | Austria, Czechia, Japan, Luxembourg, South Korea |
Type 2 | Primary care public-private mix, non-existent gatekeeping | Average number of doctors, low number of hospital beds | Average level | China, Greece, Iceland, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the US |
Type 3 | Primary care public-private mix, moderate gatekeeping | The lowest level | The lowest level | Indonesia, South Africa |
Type 4 | Primary care mainly private, strong to moderate gatekeeping | Average level | High level | Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, the UK |
Type 5 | Primary care mainly public or public-private mix, strong gatekeeping | The highest number of doctors, low number of hospital beds | Average level | Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Finland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Mexico, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain |