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Table 3 Description of the healthcare system provision types

From: Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries

Types

Primary care delivery and gatekeeping

Number of doctorsa and hospital bedsb

Coverage of essential services

Countries

Type 1

Primary care mainly private, non-existent gatekeeping

Average number of doctors, the highest number of hospital beds

The highest level

Austria, Czechia, Japan, Luxembourg, South Korea

Type 2

Primary care public-private mix, non-existent gatekeeping

Average number of doctors, low number of hospital beds

Average level

China, Greece, Iceland, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the US

Type 3

Primary care public-private mix, moderate gatekeeping

The lowest level

The lowest level

Indonesia, South Africa

Type 4

Primary care mainly private, strong to moderate gatekeeping

Average level

High level

Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, the UK

Type 5

Primary care mainly public or public-private mix, strong gatekeeping

The highest number of doctors, low number of hospital beds

Average level

Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Finland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Mexico, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain

  1. Source: [13]. Notes: a total number of hospital beds per 10,000 population; b density of practising doctors per 10,000 population