Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the dependent, explanatory and control variables

	(valid obs.)	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Dependent variables
Excess mortality rate (%, until Sep 2021), standardized	40	0	1	-1.4	3.2
Case fatality rate (%, in Sep 2021), standardized	43	0	1	-1.2	4.5
Health system financing measures
Current health expenditure per capita (CHE), /100, standardized	43	0	1	-1.5	3.1
Domestic general government health expenditure as % of CHE, standardized	43	0	1	-2.9	1.3
Out-of-pocket expenditure % of CHE, standardized	43	0	1	-1.4	2.2
Healthcare system types
Financing types	41
Type 2	19	46.3%
Type 3	11	26.8%
Type 4	11	26.8%
Provision types	41
Type 1	5	12.2%
Type 2	7	17.1%
Type 4	17	41.5%
Type 5	12	29.3%
Combined types	41
Type 1	20	48.8%
Type 3	11	26.8%
Type 4	10	24.4%
Control variables
Population: 80 years old and over % of total population, standardized	43	0	1	-1.9	2.7
DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) - All causes, both sexes, age-standardized, DALYs per 100 000, standardized	43	0	1	-1.1	4.8
GDP per capita, PPP (current international $), standardized	43	0	1	-1.5	3.6

Sources: [2, 30, 32,33,34,35,36], notes: healthcare system financing type 1, provision type 3 and combined type 2 omitted from the analyses due to small number of countries in those types (only 1 or 2 countries per type)

ISSN: 1472-6963